Merge pull request 'Task3' (#4 ) from test into master

Reviewed-on: #4
chore: update cargo lock
2025-10-02 13:38:13 +02:00 · 2025-10-02 13:37:27 +02:00 · 2025-10-02 13:37:19 +02:00 · 2025-10-02 13:37:15 +02:00 · 2025-10-02 13:37:13 +02:00 · 2025-10-02 13:37:11 +02:00
10 changed files with 373102 additions and 203 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -4,6 +4,5 @@
 *.html
 source.zip

-.aider*
 flake.lock

--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
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 [[package]]
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+ "find-msvc-tools",
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 "libc",
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@@ -455,7 +456,7 @@ version = "0.5.2"
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+ "libloading 0.8.9",
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 [[package]]
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@@ -795,8 +822,9 @@ dependencies = [
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+ "windows-link",
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+ "wasm-bindgen-shared",
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- "windows_i686_gnullvm 0.52.6",
+ "windows_i686_gnullvm",
 "windows_i686_msvc 0.52.6",
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 checksum = "09ec2a7bb152e2252b53fa7803150007879548bc709c039df7627cabbd05d469"

-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c7651a1f62a11b8cbd5e0d42526e55f2c99886c77e007179efff86c2b137e66c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -2302,24 +2349,12 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8e9b5ad5ab802e97eb8e295ac6720e509ee4c243f69d781394014ebfe8bbfa0b"

-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c1dc67659d35f387f5f6c479dc4e28f1d4bb90ddd1a5d3da2e5d97b42d6272c3"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
 version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0eee52d38c090b3caa76c563b86c3a4bd71ef1a819287c19d586d7334ae8ed66"

-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9ce6ccbdedbf6d6354471319e781c0dfef054c81fbc7cf83f338a4296c0cae11"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -2338,12 +2373,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "240948bc05c5e7c6dabba28bf89d89ffce3e303022809e73deaefe4f6ec56c66"

-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "581fee95406bb13382d2f65cd4a908ca7b1e4c2f1917f143ba16efe98a589b5d"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -2362,12 +2391,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "147a5c80aabfbf0c7d901cb5895d1de30ef2907eb21fbbab29ca94c5b08b1a78"

-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2e55b5ac9ea33f2fc1716d1742db15574fd6fc8dadc51caab1c16a3d3b4190ba"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -2380,12 +2403,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "24d5b23dc417412679681396f2b49f3de8c1473deb516bd34410872eff51ed0d"

-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0a6e035dd0599267ce1ee132e51c27dd29437f63325753051e71dd9e42406c57"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -2404,12 +2421,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"

-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "271414315aff87387382ec3d271b52d7ae78726f5d44ac98b4f4030c91880486"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "winit"
 version = "0.27.5"
@@ -2472,9 +2483,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "wit-bindgen"
-version = "0.45.0"
+version = "0.46.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "052283831dbae3d879dc7f51f3d92703a316ca49f91540417d38591826127814"
+checksum = "f17a85883d4e6d00e8a97c586de764dabcc06133f7f1d55dce5cdc070ad7fe59"

 [[package]]
 name = "x11-dl"
@@ -2501,18 +2512,18 @@ checksum = "6fd8403733700263c6eb89f192880191f1b83e332f7a20371ddcf421c4a337c7"

 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.8.26"
+version = "0.8.27"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1039dd0d3c310cf05de012d8a39ff557cb0d23087fd44cad61df08fc31907a2f"
+checksum = "0894878a5fa3edfd6da3f88c4805f4c8558e2b996227a3d864f47fe11e38282c"
 dependencies = [
 "zerocopy-derive",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.8.26"
+version = "0.8.27"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9ecf5b4cc5364572d7f4c329661bcc82724222973f2cab6f050a4e5c22f75181"
+checksum = "88d2b8d9c68ad2b9e4340d7832716a4d21a22a1154777ad56ea55c51a9cf3831"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
@@ -2536,9 +2547,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "zune-jpeg"
-version = "0.4.20"
+version = "0.4.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fc1f7e205ce79eb2da3cd71c5f55f3589785cb7c79f6a03d1c8d1491bda5d089"
+checksum = "29ce2c8a9384ad323cf564b67da86e21d3cfdff87908bc1223ed5c99bc792713"
 dependencies = [
 "zune-core",
 ]
--- a/resources/helicopter.obj
+++ b/resources/helicopter.obj
--- a/resources/lunarsurface.obj
+++ b/resources/lunarsurface.obj
--- a/shaders/simple.frag
+++ b/shaders/simple.frag
@@ -1,9 +1,33 @@
 #version 460 core

-out layout(location=0) vec4 color;
-in vec4 gl_FragCoord;
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 color;
 in vec4 vColor;
+in vec3 vNormal;
+in vec3 vPosition;

 void main() {
-    color = vColor;
+    vec3 lightDirection = normalize(vec3(0.8, -0.5, 0.6));
+    // ambient component
+    float ambientStrength = 0.1;
+    vec3 ambient = ambientStrength * vColor.rgb;
+    // terrain bump mapping with multi‐octave noise based on world position
+    float bumpStrength = 0.4;
+    float n1 = fract(sin(dot(vPosition.xz, vec2(12.9898, 78.233))) * 43758.5453);
+    float n2 = fract(sin(dot(vPosition.xz * 0.5, vec2(93.9898, 67.345))) * 24634.6345);
+    float noiseVal = mix(n1, n2, 0.5);
+    vec3 bumpNormal = normalize(vNormal + bumpStrength * (noiseVal - 0.5) * vec3(1.0));
+    // diffuse component (Lambert) with bump
+    float lambert = max(0.0, dot(normalize(bumpNormal), -lightDirection));
+    vec3 diffuse = vColor.rgb * lambert;
+    // combine ambient and diffuse
+    vec3 result = ambient + diffuse;
+    // specular component (Phong)
+    float shininess = 32.0;
+    vec3 viewDir     = vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+    vec3 reflectDir  = reflect(-lightDirection, bumpNormal);
+    float spec       = pow(max(dot(reflectDir, viewDir), 0.0), shininess);
+    float specStrength = 0.5;
+    vec3 specular    = specStrength * spec * vec3(1.0);
+    result += specular;
+    color = vec4(result, vColor.a);
 }
--- a/shaders/simple.vert
+++ b/shaders/simple.vert
@@ -1,11 +1,17 @@
 #version 460 core

-in layout(location=0) vec3 position;
-in layout(location=1) vec4 aColor;
+layout(location = 0) in vec3 position;
+layout(location = 1) in vec4 aColor;
+layout(location = 2) in vec3 aNormal;
 out vec4 vColor;
+out vec3 vNormal;
+out vec3 vPosition;
 layout(location = 0) uniform mat4 transform;
+layout(location = 1) uniform mat3 normalMatrix;

 void main() {
-    gl_Position = transform * vec4(position, 1.0f);
+    gl_Position = transform * vec4(position, 1.0);
    vColor = aColor;
+    vPosition = position;
+    vNormal = normalize(normalMatrix * aNormal);
 }
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@ use std::{mem, os::raw::c_void, ptr};

 mod shader;
 mod util;
+mod mesh;
+mod scene_graph;
+use scene_graph::SceneNode;
+mod toolbox;
+use toolbox::simple_heading_animation;

 use glutin::event::{
    DeviceEvent,
@@ -59,7 +64,7 @@ fn offset<T>(n: u32) -> *const c_void {
 // Get a null pointer (equivalent to an offset of 0)
 // ptr::null()

-unsafe fn create_vao(vertices: &Vec<f32>, colors: &Vec<f32>, indices: &Vec<u32>) -> u32 {
+unsafe fn create_vao(vertices: &Vec<f32>, normals: &Vec<f32>, colors: &Vec<f32>, indices: &Vec<u32>) -> u32 {
    let mut vao_id = 0;
    gl::GenVertexArrays(1, &mut vao_id);
    gl::BindVertexArray(vao_id);
@@ -108,9 +113,58 @@ unsafe fn create_vao(vertices: &Vec<f32>, colors: &Vec<f32>, indices: &Vec<u32>)
    gl::VertexAttribPointer(1, 4, gl::FLOAT, gl::FALSE, 0, std::ptr::null());
    gl::EnableVertexAttribArray(1);

+    // normal buffer
+    let mut nbo_id = 0;
+    gl::GenBuffers(1, &mut nbo_id);
+    gl::BindBuffer(gl::ARRAY_BUFFER, nbo_id);
+    gl::BufferData(
+        gl::ARRAY_BUFFER,
+        byte_size_of_array(&normals),
+        normals.as_ptr() as *const c_void,
+        gl::STATIC_DRAW,
+    );
+    gl::VertexAttribPointer(2, DIMENSIONS, gl::FLOAT, gl::FALSE, 0, std::ptr::null());
+    gl::EnableVertexAttribArray(2);
+
    vao_id
 }

+// Scene graph drawing function
+unsafe fn draw_scene(node: &scene_graph::SceneNode, transform_loc: i32, normal_loc: i32, view_projection: &glm::Mat4, transform_so_far: &glm::Mat4) {
+    // Build model matrix from node transformations
+    let translation = glm::translation(&node.position);
+    let rot_x = glm::rotation(node.rotation.x, &glm::vec3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    let rot_y = glm::rotation(node.rotation.y, &glm::vec3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0));
+    let rot_z = glm::rotation(node.rotation.z, &glm::vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0));
+    let rotation = rot_z * rot_y * rot_x;
+    let scaling = glm::scaling(&node.scale);
+    let refp = node.reference_point;
+    let to_ref = glm::translation(&refp);
+    let from_ref = glm::translation(&-refp);
+    let model = translation * to_ref * rotation * scaling * from_ref;
+    let new_transform = *transform_so_far * model;
+
+    // Draw this node if drawable
+    if node.index_count > 0 {
+        let mvp = view_projection * new_transform;
+        gl::UniformMatrix4fv(transform_loc, 1, gl::FALSE, mvp.as_ptr());
+        // compute normal matrix (inverse‐transpose of model)
+        let nm4 = glm::transpose(&glm::inverse(&new_transform));
+        let normal_matrix = glm::mat3(
+            nm4[(0,0)], nm4[(0,1)], nm4[(0,2)],
+            nm4[(1,0)], nm4[(1,1)], nm4[(1,2)],
+            nm4[(2,0)], nm4[(2,1)], nm4[(2,2)],
+        );
+        gl::UniformMatrix3fv(normal_loc, 1, gl::FALSE, normal_matrix.as_ptr());
+        gl::BindVertexArray(node.vao_id);
+        gl::DrawElements(gl::TRIANGLES, node.index_count, gl::UNSIGNED_INT, ptr::null());
+    }
+    // Recurse to children
+    for &child in &node.children {
+        draw_scene(&*child, transform_loc, normal_loc, view_projection, &new_transform);
+    }
+}
+
 fn main() {
    // Set up the necessary objects to deal with windows and event handling
    let el = glutin::event_loop::EventLoop::new();
@@ -181,6 +235,43 @@ fn main() {
        }

        // == // Set up your VAO around here
+        let terrain_mesh = mesh::Terrain::load("resources/lunarsurface.obj");
+        let terrain_vao = unsafe {
+            create_vao(&terrain_mesh.vertices, &terrain_mesh.normals, &terrain_mesh.colors, &terrain_mesh.indices)
+        };
+        // helicopter VAOs
+        let helicopter = mesh::Helicopter::load("resources/helicopter.obj");
+        let heli_body_vao = unsafe { create_vao(&helicopter.body.vertices, &helicopter.body.normals, &helicopter.body.colors, &helicopter.body.indices) };
+        let heli_door_vao = unsafe { create_vao(&helicopter.door.vertices, &helicopter.door.normals, &helicopter.door.colors, &helicopter.door.indices) };
+        let heli_main_rotor_vao = unsafe { create_vao(&helicopter.main_rotor.vertices, &helicopter.main_rotor.normals, &helicopter.main_rotor.colors, &helicopter.main_rotor.indices) };
+        let heli_tail_rotor_vao = unsafe { create_vao(&helicopter.tail_rotor.vertices, &helicopter.tail_rotor.normals, &helicopter.tail_rotor.colors, &helicopter.tail_rotor.indices) };
+
+        // Scene Graph setup
+        let mut root_node = SceneNode::new();
+        let mut terrain_node = SceneNode::from_vao(terrain_vao, terrain_mesh.index_count);
+        root_node.add_child(&*terrain_node);
+
+        // Instantiate multiple helicopters
+        let heli_count = 5;
+        let mut heli_roots = Vec::new();
+        for _ in 0..heli_count {
+            let mut root = SceneNode::new();
+            let body_node = SceneNode::from_vao(heli_body_vao, helicopter.body.index_count);
+            let door_node = SceneNode::from_vao(heli_door_vao, helicopter.door.index_count);
+            let mut main_rotor_node = SceneNode::from_vao(heli_main_rotor_vao, helicopter.main_rotor.index_count);
+            let mut tail_rotor_node = SceneNode::from_vao(heli_tail_rotor_vao, helicopter.tail_rotor.index_count);
+            // Set reference point for tail rotor (pivot around its hub)
+            {
+                let mut tr_pin = tail_rotor_node.as_mut();
+                unsafe { tr_pin.get_unchecked_mut().reference_point = glm::vec3(0.35, 2.3, 10.4); }
+            }
+            root.add_child(&*body_node);
+            root.add_child(&*door_node);
+            root.add_child(&*main_rotor_node);
+            root.add_child(&*tail_rotor_node);
+            terrain_node.add_child(&*root);
+            heli_roots.push(root);
+        }

        let vertices = vec![                                                                                                                       
            // triangle 1                                                                                                                          
@@ -219,7 +310,6 @@ fn main() {



-        let my_vao = unsafe { create_vao(&vertices, &colors, &indices) };

        let billboard_vertices = vec![
            -0.5, -0.5, 0.0,
@@ -237,7 +327,7 @@ fn main() {
            1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0,
            1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0,
        ];
-        let billboard_vao = unsafe { create_vao(&billboard_vertices, &billboard_colors, &billboard_indices) };
+        let billboard_vao = unsafe { create_vao(&billboard_vertices, &Vec::new(), &billboard_colors, &billboard_indices) };

        // Generate a grid of point‐particles
        let grid_size = 200;
@@ -252,7 +342,7 @@ fn main() {
                particle_colors.extend_from_slice(&[1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
            }
        }
-        let particle_vao   = unsafe { create_vao(&particle_vertices, &particle_colors, &Vec::new()) };
+        let particle_vao   = unsafe { create_vao(&particle_vertices, &Vec::new(), &particle_colors, &Vec::new()) };
        let particle_count = (grid_size * grid_size) as i32;

        // == // Set up your shaders here
@@ -273,6 +363,7 @@ fn main() {
        };
        // get uniform location for the matrix (named `transform` in your vertex shader)
        let transform_loc = unsafe { simple_shader.get_uniform_location("transform") };
+        let normal_loc    = unsafe { simple_shader.get_uniform_location("normalMatrix") };

        // Used to demonstrate keyboard handling for exercise 2.
        let mut _arbitrary_number = 0.0; // feel free to remove
@@ -308,7 +399,7 @@ fn main() {
            // Handle keyboard input for camera movement and rotation
            if let Ok(keys) = pressed_keys.lock() {
                // movement speed
-                let speed = 2.5 * delta_time;
+                let speed = 10.0 * delta_time;
                // camera direction vectors based on yaw & pitch
                let front = glm::vec3(
                    cam_yaw.sin() * cam_pitch.cos(),
@@ -320,8 +411,8 @@ fn main() {
                for key in keys.iter() {
                    match key {
                        // Move relative to camera orientation
-                        VirtualKeyCode::W => { cam_pos += front * speed; }
-                        VirtualKeyCode::S => { cam_pos -= front * speed; }
+                        VirtualKeyCode::W => { cam_pos -= front * speed; }
+                        VirtualKeyCode::S => { cam_pos += front * speed; }
                        VirtualKeyCode::A => { cam_pos -= right * speed; }
                        VirtualKeyCode::D => { cam_pos += right * speed; }
                        VirtualKeyCode::Space => { cam_pos += up_vec * speed; }
@@ -355,24 +446,6 @@ fn main() {

                // == // Issue the necessary gl:: commands to draw your scene here
                simple_shader.activate();
-                // build Model matrix (start from identity)
-                let mut model: glm::Mat4 = glm::identity();
-                // cycle through each transform parameter (a,b,c,d,e,f) over time
-                let cycle_duration = 2.0;
-                let idx = ((elapsed / cycle_duration).floor() as usize) % 6;
-                let v = elapsed.sin();
-                match idx {
-                    0 => model[(0,0)] = v, // a
-                    1 => model[(0,1)] = v, // b
-                    2 => model[(0,3)] = v, // c
-                    3 => model[(1,0)] = v, // d
-                    4 => model[(1,1)] = v, // e
-                    5 => model[(1,3)] = v, // f
-                    _ => {}
-                }
-                // model translation to initial view distance
-                let translation_model: glm::Mat4 = glm::translation(&glm::vec3(0.0, 0.0, -5.0));
-                let model = translation_model * model;
                // build View matrix: translate and rotate world relative to camera
                let view_translation: glm::Mat4 = glm::translation(&(-cam_pos));
                let view_rot_y: glm::Mat4 = glm::rotation(-cam_yaw, &glm::vec3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0));
@@ -380,38 +453,32 @@ fn main() {
                let view: glm::Mat4 = view_rot_x * view_rot_y * view_translation;
                // build Projection matrix
                let projection: glm::Mat4 =
-                    glm::perspective(window_aspect_ratio, std::f32::consts::PI / 4.0, 1.0, 100.0);
-                // final transform: Projection * View * Model
-                let transform: glm::Mat4 = projection * view * model;
-                gl::UniformMatrix4fv(transform_loc, 1, gl::FALSE, transform.as_ptr());
-                gl::BindVertexArray(my_vao);
-                gl::DrawElements(
-                    gl::TRIANGLES,
-                    indices.len() as i32,
-                    gl::UNSIGNED_INT,
-                    std::ptr::null(),
-                );
+                    glm::perspective(window_aspect_ratio, std::f32::consts::PI / 4.0, 1.0, 1000.0);

-                // Draw point‐particles
-                let transform_particles = projection * view * glm::identity();
-                gl::UniformMatrix4fv(transform_loc, 1, gl::FALSE, transform_particles.as_ptr());
-                gl::BindVertexArray(particle_vao);
-                gl::DrawArrays(gl::POINTS, 0, particle_count);
+                // Animate and update multiple helicopters
+                for (i, root) in heli_roots.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                    let time_offset = elapsed + (i as f32) * 1.0;
+                    let heading = simple_heading_animation(time_offset);
+                    {
+                        let mut pin = root.as_mut();
+                        let node = unsafe { pin.get_unchecked_mut() };
+                        node.position = glm::vec3(heading.x + (i as f32) * 10.0, 0.0, heading.z);
+                        node.rotation = glm::vec3(heading.pitch, heading.yaw, heading.roll);
+                    }
+                    // Update rotors: child index 2 = main rotor, 3 = tail rotor
+                    {
+                        let mut pin = root.as_mut();
+                        let node = unsafe { pin.get_unchecked_mut() };
+                        unsafe {
+                            (&mut (*node.children[2]).rotation).y = elapsed * 10.0;
+                            (&mut (*node.children[3]).rotation).x = elapsed * 10.0;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }

-                // Draw billboard (camera-facing quad)
-                let translation_bill = glm::translation(&glm::vec3(0.0, 0.0, -2.0));
-                let inv_rot_y = glm::rotation(cam_yaw, &glm::vec3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0));
-                let inv_rot_x = glm::rotation(cam_pitch, &glm::vec3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
-                let model_billboard = translation_bill * inv_rot_y * inv_rot_x;
-                let transform_bill = projection * view * model_billboard;
-                gl::UniformMatrix4fv(transform_loc, 1, gl::FALSE, transform_bill.as_ptr());
-                gl::BindVertexArray(billboard_vao);
-                gl::DrawElements(
-                    gl::TRIANGLES,
-                    billboard_indices.len() as i32,
-                    gl::UNSIGNED_INT,
-                    std::ptr::null(),
-                );
+                // Draw scene via scene graph
+                let view_proj = projection * view;
+                draw_scene(&*root_node, transform_loc, normal_loc, &view_proj, &glm::identity());
            }

            // Display the new color buffer on the display
--- a/src/mesh.rs
+++ b/src/mesh.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+use tobj;
+
+// internal helper
+fn generate_color_vec(color: [f32; 4], num: usize) -> Vec<f32> {
+    color.iter().cloned().cycle().take(num*4).collect()
+}
+
+// Mesh
+
+pub struct Mesh {
+    pub vertices    : Vec<f32>,
+    pub normals     : Vec<f32>,
+    pub colors      : Vec<f32>,
+    pub indices     : Vec<u32>,
+    pub index_count : i32,
+}
+
+impl Mesh {
+    pub fn from(mesh: tobj::Mesh, color: [f32; 4]) -> Self {
+        let num_verts = mesh.positions.len() / 3;
+        let index_count = mesh.indices.len() as i32;
+        Mesh {
+            vertices: mesh.positions,
+            normals: mesh.normals,
+            indices: mesh.indices,
+            colors: generate_color_vec(color, num_verts),
+            index_count,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Lunar terrain
+
+pub struct Terrain;
+impl Terrain {
+    pub fn load(path: &str) -> Mesh {
+        println!("Loading terrain model...");
+        let before = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let (models, _materials)
+            = tobj::load_obj(path,
+                &tobj::LoadOptions{
+                    triangulate: true,
+                    single_index: true,
+                    ..Default::default()
+                }
+            ).expect("Failed to load terrain model");
+        let after = std::time::Instant::now();
+        println!("Done in {:.3}ms.", after.duration_since(before).as_micros() as f32 / 1e3);
+
+        if models.len() > 1 || models.len() == 0 {
+            panic!("Please use a model with a single mesh!")
+            // You could try merging the vertices and indices
+            // of the separate meshes into a single mesh.
+            // I'll leave that as an optional exercise. ;)
+        }
+
+        let terrain = models[0].to_owned();
+        println!("Loaded {} with {} points and {} triangles.",
+            terrain.name,
+            terrain.mesh.positions.len() /3,
+            terrain.mesh.indices.len() / 3,
+        );
+
+        Mesh::from(terrain.mesh, [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0])
+    }
+}
+
+
+// Helicopter
+
+pub struct Helicopter {
+    pub body       : Mesh,
+    pub door       : Mesh,
+    pub main_rotor : Mesh,
+    pub tail_rotor : Mesh,
+}
+
+// You can use square brackets to access the components of the helicopter, if you want to use loops!
+use std::ops::Index;
+impl Index<usize> for Helicopter {
+    type Output = Mesh;
+    fn index<'a>(&'a self, i: usize) -> &'a Mesh {
+        match i {
+            0 => &self.body,
+            1 => &self.main_rotor,
+            2 => &self.tail_rotor,
+            3 => &self.door,
+            _ => panic!("Invalid index, try [0,3]"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Helicopter {
+    pub fn load(path: &str) -> Self {
+        println!("Loading helicopter model...");
+        let before = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let (models, _materials)
+            = tobj::load_obj(path,
+                &tobj::LoadOptions{
+                    triangulate: true,
+                    single_index: true,
+                    ..Default::default()
+                }
+            ).expect("Failed to load helicopter model");
+        let after = std::time::Instant::now();
+        println!("Done in {:.3}ms!", after.duration_since(before).as_micros() as f32 / 1e3);
+
+        for model in &models {
+            println!("Loaded {} with {} points and {} triangles.", model.name, model.mesh.positions.len() / 3, model.mesh.indices.len() / 3);
+        }
+
+        let body_model = models.iter().find(|m| m.name == "Body_body").expect("Incorrect model file!").to_owned();
+        let door_model = models.iter().find(|m| m.name == "Door_door").expect("Incorrect model file!").to_owned();
+        let main_rotor_model = models.iter().find(|m| m.name == "Main_Rotor_main_rotor").expect("Incorrect model file!").to_owned();
+        let tail_rotor_model = models.iter().find(|m| m.name == "Tail_Rotor_tail_rotor").expect("Incorrect model file!").to_owned();
+
+        Helicopter {
+            body:       Mesh::from(body_model.mesh,         [0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 1.0]),
+            door:       Mesh::from(door_model.mesh,         [0.1, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0]),
+            main_rotor: Mesh::from(main_rotor_model.mesh,   [0.3, 0.1, 0.1, 1.0]),
+            tail_rotor: Mesh::from(tail_rotor_model.mesh,   [0.1, 0.3, 0.1, 1.0]),
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/src/scene_graph.rs
+++ b/src/scene_graph.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+extern crate nalgebra_glm as glm;
+
+use std::mem::ManuallyDrop;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+
+// Used to create an unholy abomination upon which you should not cast your gaze. This ended up
+// being a necessity due to wanting to keep the code written by students as "straight forward" as
+// possible. It is very very double plus ungood Rust, and intentionally leaks memory like a sieve.
+// But it works, and you're more than welcome to pretend it doesn't exist! In case you're curious
+// about how it works: It allocates memory on the heap (Box), promises to prevent it from being
+// moved or deallocated until dropped (Pin) and finally prevents the compiler from dropping it
+// automatically at all (ManuallyDrop).
+// ...
+// If that sounds like a janky solution, it's because it is!
+// Prettier, Rustier and better solutions were tried numerous times, but were all found wanting of
+// having what I arbitrarily decided to be the required level of "simplicity of use".
+pub type Node = ManuallyDrop<Pin<Box<SceneNode>>>;
+
+pub struct SceneNode {
+    pub position        : glm::Vec3,   // Where I should be in relation to my parent
+    pub rotation        : glm::Vec3,   // How I should be rotated, around the X, the Y and the Z axes
+    pub scale           : glm::Vec3,   // How I should be scaled
+    pub reference_point : glm::Vec3,   // The point I shall rotate and scale about
+
+    pub vao_id      : u32,             // What I should draw
+    pub index_count : i32,             // How much of it there is to draw
+
+    pub children: Vec<*mut SceneNode>, // Those I command
+}
+
+impl SceneNode {
+
+    pub fn new() -> Node {
+        ManuallyDrop::new(Pin::new(Box::new(SceneNode {
+            position        : glm::zero(),
+            rotation        : glm::zero(),
+            scale           : glm::vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
+            reference_point : glm::zero(),
+            vao_id          : 0,
+            index_count     : -1,
+            children        : vec![],
+        })))
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_vao(vao_id: u32, index_count: i32) -> Node {
+        ManuallyDrop::new(Pin::new(Box::new(SceneNode {
+            position        : glm::zero(),
+            rotation        : glm::zero(),
+            scale           : glm::vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
+            reference_point : glm::zero(),
+            vao_id,
+            index_count,
+            children: vec![],
+        })))
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_child(&mut self, child: &SceneNode) {
+        self.children.push(child as *const SceneNode as *mut SceneNode)
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn get_child(& mut self, index: usize) -> & mut SceneNode {
+        unsafe {
+            &mut (*self.children[index])
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn n_children(&self) -> usize {
+        self.children.len()
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn print(&self) {
+        println!(
+"SceneNode {{
+    VAO:       {}
+    Indices:   {}
+    Children:  {}
+    Position:  [{:.2}, {:.2}, {:.2}]
+    Rotation:  [{:.2}, {:.2}, {:.2}]
+    Reference: [{:.2}, {:.2}, {:.2}]
+}}",
+            self.vao_id,
+            self.index_count,
+            self.children.len(),
+            self.position.x,
+            self.position.y,
+            self.position.z,
+            self.rotation.x,
+            self.rotation.y,
+            self.rotation.z,
+            self.reference_point.x,
+            self.reference_point.y,
+            self.reference_point.z,
+        );
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+// You can also use square brackets to access the children of a SceneNode
+use std::ops::{Index, IndexMut};
+impl Index<usize> for SceneNode {
+    type Output = SceneNode;
+    fn index(&self, index: usize) -> &SceneNode {
+        unsafe {
+            & *(self.children[index] as *const SceneNode)
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl IndexMut<usize> for SceneNode {
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: usize) -> &mut SceneNode {
+        unsafe {
+            &mut (*self.children[index])
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/src/toolbox.rs
+++ b/src/toolbox.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+extern crate nalgebra_glm as glm;
+use std::f64::consts::PI;
+
+pub struct Heading {
+    pub x     : f32,
+    pub z     : f32,
+    pub roll  : f32, // measured in radians
+    pub pitch : f32, // measured in radians
+    pub yaw   : f32, // measured in radians
+}
+
+pub fn simple_heading_animation(time: f32) -> Heading {
+    let t             = time as f64;
+    let step          = 0.05f64;
+    let path_size     = 15f64;
+    let circuit_speed = 0.8f64;
+
+    let xpos      = path_size * (2.0 * (t+ 0.0) * circuit_speed).sin();
+    let xpos_next = path_size * (2.0 * (t+step) * circuit_speed).sin();
+    let zpos      = 3.0 * path_size * ((t+ 0.0) * circuit_speed).cos();
+    let zpos_next = 3.0 * path_size * ((t+step) * circuit_speed).cos();
+
+    let delta_pos = glm::vec2(xpos_next - xpos, zpos_next - zpos);
+
+    let roll  = (t * circuit_speed).cos() * 0.5;
+    let pitch = -0.175 * glm::length(&delta_pos);
+    let yaw   = PI + delta_pos.x.atan2(delta_pos.y);
+
+    Heading {
+        x     : xpos  as f32,
+        z     : zpos  as f32,
+        roll  : roll  as f32,
+        pitch : pitch as f32,
+        yaw   : yaw   as f32,
+    }
+}
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Adrian Gunnar Lauterer	f80310632a	Merge pull request 'Task3' (#4 ) from test into master Reviewed-on: #4	2025-10-02 13:38:13 +02:00
Adrian G L	bfdb39bf51	chore: update cargo lock	2025-10-02 13:37:27 +02:00
Adrian G L	eeb4e95217	fix: declare vPosition input in fragment shader to prevent panic	2025-10-02 13:37:19 +02:00
Adrian G L	4db360df39	feat: add contour-based multi-octave bump mapping for rougher terrain	2025-10-02 13:37:15 +02:00
Adrian G L	78d0b091ee	feat: add bump mapping to terrain for rougher, less smooth shading	2025-10-02 13:37:13 +02:00
Adrian G L	9c3795044a	feat: add Phong specular lighting to fragment shader with shininess and strength controls	2025-10-02 13:37:11 +02:00
Adrian G L	3a138ec59e	feat: add ambient component to fragment shader for Phong shading start	2025-10-02 13:37:09 +02:00
Adrian G L	e6dcc428d4	fix: complete Task 1 by updating shaders for normals and Lambertian lighting	2025-10-02 13:37:07 +02:00
Adrian G L	014121b606	perf: double animation start delay for helicopters to stagger timing	2025-10-02 13:37:05 +02:00
Adrian G L	abfab22966	fix: increase spacing between nodes to prevent overlap	2025-10-02 13:37:02 +02:00
Adrian G L	5cc806a8dd	fix: space nodes further apart by adjusting x position offset	2025-10-02 13:36:57 +02:00
Adrian G L	dce279d1b2	fix: replace unused variable with underscore and fix raw pointer mutation errors	2025-10-02 12:53:16 +02:00
Adrian G L	fda438e6c1	feat: instantiate and animate 5 helicopters with independent rotor rotations and paths	2025-10-02 12:53:16 +02:00
Adrian G L	f6845c1dd0	fix: correct glm::mat3 usage and add missing argument in draw_scene call	2025-10-02 12:53:01 +02:00
Adrian Gunnar Lauterer	ede8c6c411	Merge pull request 'Assignment 2' (#2 ) from ov3 into master Reviewed-on: #2	2025-10-02 12:41:42 +02:00
Adrian G L	46bdbfb889	fix: rotate normals with model to correct helicopter lighting during rotation	2025-10-02 12:04:45 +02:00
Adrian G L	e6987e506f	fix: correct rotation order to pitch, yaw, roll for proper orientation	2025-10-02 11:28:48 +02:00
Adrian G L	030df64fc1	feat: animate helicopter using simple_heading_animation with full 3-axis rotation	2025-10-02 11:25:53 +02:00
Adrian G L	978c3c3936	fix: rotate tail rotor on x-axis instead of y-axis to match rigth axis	2025-10-02 11:23:27 +02:00
Adrian G L	a729d28841	feat: animate helicopter rotors spinning and draw scene via scene graph	2025-10-02 11:21:56 +02:00
Adrian G L	e139ca67f6	feat: add model matrix transforms and set tail rotor reference point for scene nodes	2025-10-02 11:19:15 +02:00
Adrian G L	c6c77f7030	fix: declare scene graph nodes as mutable to fix borrow errors	2025-10-02 11:06:35 +02:00
Adrian G L	6e53caae56	refactor: replace manual VAO draws with recursive scene graph draw function	2025-10-02 10:38:37 +02:00
Adrian G L	ac1368c509	feat: create scene graph with terrain and helicopter nodes in main.rs	2025-10-02 10:19:11 +02:00
Adrian G L	ed0ccb854d	feat: load and draw helicopter model with separate VAOs for each part	2025-10-02 10:19:01 +02:00
Adrian G L	ba305c56fd	feat: add Lambertian lighting to fragment shader for surface shading	2025-10-02 01:29:03 +02:00
Adrian G L	bdfafea108	fix: swap W and S key movement directions back to original behavior	2025-10-02 01:24:35 +02:00
Adrian G L	12a2d5bb5e	fix: correct camera movement to be relative to current direction vectors	2025-10-02 01:16:51 +02:00
Adrian G L	aedd576afe	fix: swap W and S movement directions and double camera speed for correct control	2025-10-02 01:14:23 +02:00
Adrian G L	4149277dde	fix: double movement speed for smoother camera control	2025-10-02 01:09:26 +02:00
Adrian G L	b1d0bbdfb6	feat: visualize vertex normals as colors by passing normals to fragment shader	2025-10-02 01:06:30 +02:00
Adrian G L	07a0b0260d	feat: add normal vectors to VAO creation for lighting calculations	2025-10-02 01:02:53 +02:00
Adrian G L	20c7dc975c	fix: remove sine-cosine transformations from model matrix calculation	2025-10-02 00:56:02 +02:00
Adrian G L	ebaf03237e	refactor: remove moving triangles and related draw calls from main.rs	2025-10-02 00:52:37 +02:00
Adrian G L	f4b85afff8	feat: load and draw lunar terrain with extended far plane in perspective matrix	2025-10-02 00:44:51 +02:00
Adrian G L	fcb365bcf5	chore: added given sample code.	2025-10-02 00:39:34 +02:00