1836 lines
66 KiB
TeX
1836 lines
66 KiB
TeX
\documentclass[synpaper]{book}
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\usepackage{hyperref}
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\usepackage{makeidx}
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\usepackage{amssymb}
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\usepackage{color}
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\usepackage{alltt}
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\usepackage{graphicx}
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\usepackage{layout}
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\def\union{\cup}
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\def\intersect{\cap}
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\def\getsrandom{\stackrel{\rm R}{\gets}}
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\def\cross{\times}
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\def\cat{\hspace{0.5em} \| \hspace{0.5em}}
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\def\catn{$\|$}
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\def\divides{\hspace{0.3em} | \hspace{0.3em}}
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\def\nequiv{\not\equiv}
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\def\approx{\raisebox{0.2ex}{\mbox{\small $\sim$}}}
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\def\lcm{{\rm lcm}}
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\def\gcd{{\rm gcd}}
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\def\log{{\rm log}}
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\def\ord{{\rm ord}}
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\def\abs{{\mathit abs}}
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\def\rep{{\mathit rep}}
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\def\mod{{\mathit\ mod\ }}
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\renewcommand{\pmod}[1]{\ ({\rm mod\ }{#1})}
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\newcommand{\floor}[1]{\left\lfloor{#1}\right\rfloor}
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\newcommand{\ceil}[1]{\left\lceil{#1}\right\rceil}
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\def\Or{{\rm\ or\ }}
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\def\And{{\rm\ and\ }}
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\def\iff{\hspace{1em}\Longleftrightarrow\hspace{1em}}
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\def\implies{\Rightarrow}
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\def\undefined{{\rm ``undefined"}}
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\def\Proof{\vspace{1ex}\noindent {\bf Proof:}\hspace{1em}}
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\let\oldphi\phi
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\def\phi{\varphi}
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\def\Pr{{\rm Pr}}
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\newcommand{\str}[1]{{\mathbf{#1}}}
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\def\F{{\mathbb F}}
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\def\N{{\mathbb N}}
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\def\Z{{\mathbb Z}}
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\def\R{{\mathbb R}}
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\def\C{{\mathbb C}}
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\def\Q{{\mathbb Q}}
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\definecolor{DGray}{gray}{0.5}
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\newcommand{\emailaddr}[1]{\mbox{$<${#1}$>$}}
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\def\twiddle{\raisebox{0.3ex}{\mbox{\tiny $\sim$}}}
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\def\gap{\vspace{0.5ex}}
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\makeindex
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\begin{document}
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\frontmatter
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\pagestyle{empty}
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\title{LibTomMath User Manual \\ v0.41}
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\author{Tom St Denis \\ tomstdenis@gmail.com}
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\maketitle
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This text, the library and the accompanying textbook are all hereby placed in the public domain. This book has been
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formatted for B5 [176x250] paper using the \LaTeX{} {\em book} macro package.
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\vspace{10cm}
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\begin{flushright}Open Source. Open Academia. Open Minds.
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\mbox{ }
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Tom St Denis,
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Ontario, Canada
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\end{flushright}
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\tableofcontents
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\listoffigures
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\mainmatter
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\pagestyle{headings}
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\chapter{Introduction}
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\section{What is LibTomMath?}
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LibTomMath is a library of source code which provides a series of efficient and carefully written functions for manipulating
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large integer numbers. It was written in portable ISO C source code so that it will build on any platform with a conforming
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C compiler.
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In a nutshell the library was written from scratch with verbose comments to help instruct computer science students how
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to implement ``bignum'' math. However, the resulting code has proven to be very useful. It has been used by numerous
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universities, commercial and open source software developers. It has been used on a variety of platforms ranging from
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Linux and Windows based x86 to ARM based Gameboys and PPC based MacOS machines.
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\section{License}
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As of the v0.25 the library source code has been placed in the public domain with every new release. As of the v0.28
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release the textbook ``Implementing Multiple Precision Arithmetic'' has been placed in the public domain with every new
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release as well. This textbook is meant to compliment the project by providing a more solid walkthrough of the development
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algorithms used in the library.
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Since both\footnote{Note that the MPI files under mtest/ are copyrighted by Michael Fromberger. They are not required to use LibTomMath.} are in the
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public domain everyone is entitled to do with them as they see fit.
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\section{Building LibTomMath}
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LibTomMath is meant to be very ``GCC friendly'' as it comes with a makefile well suited for GCC. However, the library will
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also build in MSVC, Borland C out of the box. For any other ISO C compiler a makefile will have to be made by the end
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developer.
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\subsection{Static Libraries}
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To build as a static library for GCC issue the following
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\begin{alltt}
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make
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\end{alltt}
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command. This will build the library and archive the object files in ``libtommath.a''. Now you link against
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that and include ``tommath.h'' within your programs. Alternatively to build with MSVC issue the following
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\begin{alltt}
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nmake -f makefile.msvc
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\end{alltt}
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This will build the library and archive the object files in ``tommath.lib''. This has been tested with MSVC
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version 6.00 with service pack 5.
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\subsection{Shared Libraries}
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To build as a shared library for GCC issue the following
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\begin{alltt}
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make -f makefile.shared
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\end{alltt}
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This requires the ``libtool'' package (common on most Linux/BSD systems). It will build LibTomMath as both shared
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and static then install (by default) into /usr/lib as well as install the header files in /usr/include. The shared
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library (resource) will be called ``libtommath.la'' while the static library called ``libtommath.a''. Generally
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you use libtool to link your application against the shared object.
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There is limited support for making a ``DLL'' in windows via the ``makefile.cygwin\_dll'' makefile. It requires
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Cygwin to work with since it requires the auto-export/import functionality. The resulting DLL and import library
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``libtommath.dll.a'' can be used to link LibTomMath dynamically to any Windows program using Cygwin.
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\subsection{Testing}
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To build the library and the test harness type
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\begin{alltt}
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make test
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\end{alltt}
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This will build the library, ``test'' and ``mtest/mtest''. The ``test'' program will accept test vectors and verify the
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results. ``mtest/mtest'' will generate test vectors using the MPI library by Michael Fromberger\footnote{A copy of MPI
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is included in the package}. Simply pipe mtest into test using
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\begin{alltt}
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mtest/mtest | test
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\end{alltt}
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If you do not have a ``/dev/urandom'' style RNG source you will have to write your own PRNG and simply pipe that into
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mtest. For example, if your PRNG program is called ``myprng'' simply invoke
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\begin{alltt}
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myprng | mtest/mtest | test
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\end{alltt}
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This will output a row of numbers that are increasing. Each column is a different test (such as addition, multiplication, etc)
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that is being performed. The numbers represent how many times the test was invoked. If an error is detected the program
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will exit with a dump of the relevent numbers it was working with.
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\section{Build Configuration}
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LibTomMath can configured at build time in three phases we shall call ``depends'', ``tweaks'' and ``trims''.
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Each phase changes how the library is built and they are applied one after another respectively.
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To make the system more powerful you can tweak the build process. Classes are defined in the file
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``tommath\_superclass.h''. By default, the symbol ``LTM\_ALL'' shall be defined which simply
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instructs the system to build all of the functions. This is how LibTomMath used to be packaged. This will give you
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access to every function LibTomMath offers.
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However, there are cases where such a build is not optional. For instance, you want to perform RSA operations. You
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don't need the vast majority of the library to perform these operations. Aside from LTM\_ALL there is
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another pre--defined class ``SC\_RSA\_1'' which works in conjunction with the RSA from LibTomCrypt. Additional
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classes can be defined base on the need of the user.
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\subsection{Build Depends}
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In the file tommath\_class.h you will see a large list of C ``defines'' followed by a series of ``ifdefs''
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which further define symbols. All of the symbols (technically they're macros $\ldots$) represent a given C source
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file. For instance, BN\_MP\_ADD\_C represents the file ``bn\_mp\_add.c''. When a define has been enabled the
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function in the respective file will be compiled and linked into the library. Accordingly when the define
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is absent the file will not be compiled and not contribute any size to the library.
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You will also note that the header tommath\_class.h is actually recursively included (it includes itself twice).
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This is to help resolve as many dependencies as possible. In the last pass the symbol LTM\_LAST will be defined.
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This is useful for ``trims''.
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\subsection{Build Tweaks}
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A tweak is an algorithm ``alternative''. For example, to provide tradeoffs (usually between size and space).
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They can be enabled at any pass of the configuration phase.
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\begin{small}
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
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\hline \textbf{Define} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
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\hline BN\_MP\_DIV\_SMALL & Enables a slower, smaller and equally \\
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& functional mp\_div() function \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{center}
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\end{small}
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\subsection{Build Trims}
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A trim is a manner of removing functionality from a function that is not required. For instance, to perform
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RSA cryptography you only require exponentiation with odd moduli so even moduli support can be safely removed.
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Build trims are meant to be defined on the last pass of the configuration which means they are to be defined
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only if LTM\_LAST has been defined.
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\subsubsection{Moduli Related}
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\begin{small}
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
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\hline \textbf{Restriction} & \textbf{Undefine} \\
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\hline Exponentiation with odd moduli only & BN\_S\_MP\_EXPTMOD\_C \\
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& BN\_MP\_REDUCE\_C \\
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& BN\_MP\_REDUCE\_SETUP\_C \\
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& BN\_S\_MP\_MUL\_HIGH\_DIGS\_C \\
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& BN\_FAST\_S\_MP\_MUL\_HIGH\_DIGS\_C \\
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\hline Exponentiation with random odd moduli & (The above plus the following) \\
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& BN\_MP\_REDUCE\_2K\_C \\
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& BN\_MP\_REDUCE\_2K\_SETUP\_C \\
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& BN\_MP\_REDUCE\_IS\_2K\_C \\
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& BN\_MP\_DR\_IS\_MODULUS\_C \\
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& BN\_MP\_DR\_REDUCE\_C \\
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& BN\_MP\_DR\_SETUP\_C \\
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\hline Modular inverse odd moduli only & BN\_MP\_INVMOD\_SLOW\_C \\
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\hline Modular inverse (both, smaller/slower) & BN\_FAST\_MP\_INVMOD\_C \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{center}
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\end{small}
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\subsubsection{Operand Size Related}
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\begin{small}
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
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\hline \textbf{Restriction} & \textbf{Undefine} \\
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\hline Moduli $\le 2560$ bits & BN\_MP\_MONTGOMERY\_REDUCE\_C \\
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& BN\_S\_MP\_MUL\_DIGS\_C \\
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& BN\_S\_MP\_MUL\_HIGH\_DIGS\_C \\
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& BN\_S\_MP\_SQR\_C \\
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\hline Polynomial Schmolynomial & BN\_MP\_KARATSUBA\_MUL\_C \\
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& BN\_MP\_KARATSUBA\_SQR\_C \\
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& BN\_MP\_TOOM\_MUL\_C \\
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& BN\_MP\_TOOM\_SQR\_C \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{center}
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\end{small}
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\section{Purpose of LibTomMath}
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Unlike GNU MP (GMP) Library, LIP, OpenSSL or various other commercial kits (Miracl), LibTomMath was not written with
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bleeding edge performance in mind. First and foremost LibTomMath was written to be entirely open. Not only is the
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source code public domain (unlike various other GPL/etc licensed code), not only is the code freely downloadable but the
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source code is also accessible for computer science students attempting to learn ``BigNum'' or multiple precision
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arithmetic techniques.
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LibTomMath was written to be an instructive collection of source code. This is why there are many comments, only one
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function per source file and often I use a ``middle-road'' approach where I don't cut corners for an extra 2\% speed
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increase.
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Source code alone cannot really teach how the algorithms work which is why I also wrote a textbook that accompanies
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the library (beat that!).
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So you may be thinking ``should I use LibTomMath?'' and the answer is a definite maybe. Let me tabulate what I think
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are the pros and cons of LibTomMath by comparing it to the math routines from GnuPG\footnote{GnuPG v1.2.3 versus LibTomMath v0.28}.
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\newpage\begin{figure}[here]
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\begin{small}
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|l|}
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\hline \textbf{Criteria} & \textbf{Pro} & \textbf{Con} & \textbf{Notes} \\
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\hline Few lines of code per file & X & & GnuPG $ = 300.9$, LibTomMath $ = 71.97$ \\
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\hline Commented function prototypes & X && GnuPG function names are cryptic. \\
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\hline Speed && X & LibTomMath is slower. \\
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\hline Totally free & X & & GPL has unfavourable restrictions.\\
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\hline Large function base & X & & GnuPG is barebones. \\
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\hline Five modular reduction algorithms & X & & Faster modular exponentiation for a variety of moduli. \\
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\hline Portable & X & & GnuPG requires configuration to build. \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{center}
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\end{small}
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\caption{LibTomMath Valuation}
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\end{figure}
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It may seem odd to compare LibTomMath to GnuPG since the math in GnuPG is only a small portion of the entire application.
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However, LibTomMath was written with cryptography in mind. It provides essentially all of the functions a cryptosystem
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would require when working with large integers.
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So it may feel tempting to just rip the math code out of GnuPG (or GnuMP where it was taken from originally) in your
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own application but I think there are reasons not to. While LibTomMath is slower than libraries such as GnuMP it is
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not normally significantly slower. On x86 machines the difference is normally a factor of two when performing modular
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exponentiations. It depends largely on the processor, compiler and the moduli being used.
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Essentially the only time you wouldn't use LibTomMath is when blazing speed is the primary concern. However,
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on the other side of the coin LibTomMath offers you a totally free (public domain) well structured math library
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that is very flexible, complete and performs well in resource contrained environments. Fast RSA for example can
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be performed with as little as 8KB of ram for data (again depending on build options).
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\chapter{Getting Started with LibTomMath}
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\section{Building Programs}
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In order to use LibTomMath you must include ``tommath.h'' and link against the appropriate library file (typically
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libtommath.a). There is no library initialization required and the entire library is thread safe.
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\section{Return Codes}
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There are three possible return codes a function may return.
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\index{MP\_OKAY}\index{MP\_YES}\index{MP\_NO}\index{MP\_VAL}\index{MP\_MEM}
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\begin{figure}[here!]
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\begin{center}
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\begin{small}
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\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
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\hline \textbf{Code} & \textbf{Meaning} \\
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\hline MP\_OKAY & The function succeeded. \\
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\hline MP\_VAL & The function input was invalid. \\
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\hline MP\_MEM & Heap memory exhausted. \\
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\hline &\\
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\hline MP\_YES & Response is yes. \\
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\hline MP\_NO & Response is no. \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{small}
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\end{center}
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\caption{Return Codes}
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\end{figure}
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The last two codes listed are not actually ``return'ed'' by a function. They are placed in an integer (the caller must
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provide the address of an integer it can store to) which the caller can access. To convert one of the three return codes
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to a string use the following function.
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\index{mp\_error\_to\_string}
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\begin{alltt}
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char *mp_error_to_string(int code);
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\end{alltt}
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This will return a pointer to a string which describes the given error code. It will not work for the return codes
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MP\_YES and MP\_NO.
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\section{Data Types}
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The basic ``multiple precision integer'' type is known as the ``mp\_int'' within LibTomMath. This data type is used to
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organize all of the data required to manipulate the integer it represents. Within LibTomMath it has been prototyped
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as the following.
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\index{mp\_int}
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\begin{alltt}
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typedef struct \{
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int used, alloc, sign;
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mp_digit *dp;
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\} mp_int;
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\end{alltt}
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Where ``mp\_digit'' is a data type that represents individual digits of the integer. By default, an mp\_digit is the
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ISO C ``unsigned long'' data type and each digit is $28-$bits long. The mp\_digit type can be configured to suit other
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platforms by defining the appropriate macros.
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All LTM functions that use the mp\_int type will expect a pointer to mp\_int structure. You must allocate memory to
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hold the structure itself by yourself (whether off stack or heap it doesn't matter). The very first thing that must be
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done to use an mp\_int is that it must be initialized.
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\section{Function Organization}
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The arithmetic functions of the library are all organized to have the same style prototype. That is source operands
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are passed on the left and the destination is on the right. For instance,
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\begin{alltt}
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mp_add(&a, &b, &c); /* c = a + b */
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mp_mul(&a, &a, &c); /* c = a * a */
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mp_div(&a, &b, &c, &d); /* c = [a/b], d = a mod b */
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\end{alltt}
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Another feature of the way the functions have been implemented is that source operands can be destination operands as well.
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For instance,
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\begin{alltt}
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mp_add(&a, &b, &b); /* b = a + b */
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mp_div(&a, &b, &a, &c); /* a = [a/b], c = a mod b */
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\end{alltt}
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This allows operands to be re-used which can make programming simpler.
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\section{Initialization}
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\subsection{Single Initialization}
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A single mp\_int can be initialized with the ``mp\_init'' function.
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\index{mp\_init}
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\begin{alltt}
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int mp_init (mp_int * a);
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\end{alltt}
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This function expects a pointer to an mp\_int structure and will initialize the members of the structure so the mp\_int
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represents the default integer which is zero. If the functions returns MP\_OKAY then the mp\_int is ready to be used
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by the other LibTomMath functions.
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\begin{small} \begin{alltt}
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int main(void)
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\{
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mp_int number;
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int result;
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if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
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printf("Error initializing the number. \%s",
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mp_error_to_string(result));
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return EXIT_FAILURE;
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\}
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/* use the number */
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return EXIT_SUCCESS;
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\}
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\end{alltt} \end{small}
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\subsection{Single Free}
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When you are finished with an mp\_int it is ideal to return the heap it used back to the system. The following function
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provides this functionality.
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\index{mp\_clear}
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\begin{alltt}
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void mp_clear (mp_int * a);
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\end{alltt}
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The function expects a pointer to a previously initialized mp\_int structure and frees the heap it uses. It sets the
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pointer\footnote{The ``dp'' member.} within the mp\_int to \textbf{NULL} which is used to prevent double free situations.
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Is is legal to call mp\_clear() twice on the same mp\_int in a row.
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\begin{small} \begin{alltt}
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int main(void)
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\{
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mp_int number;
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int result;
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if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
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printf("Error initializing the number. \%s",
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mp_error_to_string(result));
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return EXIT_FAILURE;
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\}
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/* use the number */
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/* We're done with it. */
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mp_clear(&number);
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return EXIT_SUCCESS;
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\}
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\end{alltt} \end{small}
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\subsection{Multiple Initializations}
|
|
Certain algorithms require more than one large integer. In these instances it is ideal to initialize all of the mp\_int
|
|
variables in an ``all or nothing'' fashion. That is, they are either all initialized successfully or they are all
|
|
not initialized.
|
|
|
|
The mp\_init\_multi() function provides this functionality.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_init\_multi} \index{mp\_clear\_multi}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_init_multi(mp_int *mp, ...);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
It accepts a \textbf{NULL} terminated list of pointers to mp\_int structures. It will attempt to initialize them all
|
|
at once. If the function returns MP\_OKAY then all of the mp\_int variables are ready to use, otherwise none of them
|
|
are available for use. A complementary mp\_clear\_multi() function allows multiple mp\_int variables to be free'd
|
|
from the heap at the same time.
|
|
|
|
\begin{small} \begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int num1, num2, num3;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
if ((result = mp_init_multi(&num1,
|
|
&num2,
|
|
&num3, NULL)) != MP\_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error initializing the numbers. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* use the numbers */
|
|
|
|
/* We're done with them. */
|
|
mp_clear_multi(&num1, &num2, &num3, NULL);
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt} \end{small}
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Other Initializers}
|
|
To initialized and make a copy of an mp\_int the mp\_init\_copy() function has been provided.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_init\_copy}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_init_copy (mp_int * a, mp_int * b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This function will initialize $a$ and make it a copy of $b$ if all goes well.
|
|
|
|
\begin{small} \begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int num1, num2;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
/* initialize and do work on num1 ... */
|
|
|
|
/* We want a copy of num1 in num2 now */
|
|
if ((result = mp_init_copy(&num2, &num1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error initializing the copy. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* now num2 is ready and contains a copy of num1 */
|
|
|
|
/* We're done with them. */
|
|
mp_clear_multi(&num1, &num2, NULL);
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt} \end{small}
|
|
|
|
Another less common initializer is mp\_init\_size() which allows the user to initialize an mp\_int with a given
|
|
default number of digits. By default, all initializers allocate \textbf{MP\_PREC} digits. This function lets
|
|
you override this behaviour.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_init\_size}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_init_size (mp_int * a, int size);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
The $size$ parameter must be greater than zero. If the function succeeds the mp\_int $a$ will be initialized
|
|
to have $size$ digits (which are all initially zero).
|
|
|
|
\begin{small} \begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int number;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
/* we need a 60-digit number */
|
|
if ((result = mp_init_size(&number, 60)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error initializing the number. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* use the number */
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt} \end{small}
|
|
|
|
\section{Maintenance Functions}
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Reducing Memory Usage}
|
|
When an mp\_int is in a state where it won't be changed again\footnote{A Diffie-Hellman modulus for instance.} excess
|
|
digits can be removed to return memory to the heap with the mp\_shrink() function.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_shrink}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_shrink (mp_int * a);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This will remove excess digits of the mp\_int $a$. If the operation fails the mp\_int should be intact without the
|
|
excess digits being removed. Note that you can use a shrunk mp\_int in further computations, however, such operations
|
|
will require heap operations which can be slow. It is not ideal to shrink mp\_int variables that you will further
|
|
modify in the system (unless you are seriously low on memory).
|
|
|
|
\begin{small} \begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int number;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error initializing the number. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* use the number [e.g. pre-computation] */
|
|
|
|
/* We're done with it for now. */
|
|
if ((result = mp_shrink(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error shrinking the number. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* use it .... */
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* we're done with it. */
|
|
mp_clear(&number);
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt} \end{small}
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Adding additional digits}
|
|
|
|
Within the mp\_int structure are two parameters which control the limitations of the array of digits that represent
|
|
the integer the mp\_int is meant to equal. The \textit{used} parameter dictates how many digits are significant, that is,
|
|
contribute to the value of the mp\_int. The \textit{alloc} parameter dictates how many digits are currently available in
|
|
the array. If you need to perform an operation that requires more digits you will have to mp\_grow() the mp\_int to
|
|
your desired size.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_grow}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_grow (mp_int * a, int size);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This will grow the array of digits of $a$ to $size$. If the \textit{alloc} parameter is already bigger than
|
|
$size$ the function will not do anything.
|
|
|
|
\begin{small} \begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int number;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error initializing the number. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* use the number */
|
|
|
|
/* We need to add 20 digits to the number */
|
|
if ((result = mp_grow(&number, number.alloc + 20)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error growing the number. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* use the number */
|
|
|
|
/* we're done with it. */
|
|
mp_clear(&number);
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt} \end{small}
|
|
|
|
\chapter{Basic Operations}
|
|
\section{Small Constants}
|
|
Setting mp\_ints to small constants is a relatively common operation. To accomodate these instances there are two
|
|
small constant assignment functions. The first function is used to set a single digit constant while the second sets
|
|
an ISO C style ``unsigned long'' constant. The reason for both functions is efficiency. Setting a single digit is quick but the
|
|
domain of a digit can change (it's always at least $0 \ldots 127$).
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Single Digit}
|
|
|
|
Setting a single digit can be accomplished with the following function.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_set}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
void mp_set (mp_int * a, mp_digit b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This will zero the contents of $a$ and make it represent an integer equal to the value of $b$. Note that this
|
|
function has a return type of \textbf{void}. It cannot cause an error so it is safe to assume the function
|
|
succeeded.
|
|
|
|
\begin{small} \begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int number;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error initializing the number. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* set the number to 5 */
|
|
mp_set(&number, 5);
|
|
|
|
/* we're done with it. */
|
|
mp_clear(&number);
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt} \end{small}
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Long Constants}
|
|
|
|
To set a constant that is the size of an ISO C ``unsigned long'' and larger than a single digit the following function
|
|
can be used.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_set\_int}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_set_int (mp_int * a, unsigned long b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This will assign the value of the 32-bit variable $b$ to the mp\_int $a$. Unlike mp\_set() this function will always
|
|
accept a 32-bit input regardless of the size of a single digit. However, since the value may span several digits
|
|
this function can fail if it runs out of heap memory.
|
|
|
|
To get the ``unsigned long'' copy of an mp\_int the following function can be used.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_get\_int}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
unsigned long mp_get_int (mp_int * a);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This will return the 32 least significant bits of the mp\_int $a$.
|
|
|
|
\begin{small} \begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int number;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error initializing the number. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* set the number to 654321 (note this is bigger than 127) */
|
|
if ((result = mp_set_int(&number, 654321)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error setting the value of the number. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
printf("number == \%lu", mp_get_int(&number));
|
|
|
|
/* we're done with it. */
|
|
mp_clear(&number);
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt} \end{small}
|
|
|
|
This should output the following if the program succeeds.
|
|
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
number == 654321
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Initialize and Setting Constants}
|
|
To both initialize and set small constants the following two functions are available.
|
|
\index{mp\_init\_set} \index{mp\_init\_set\_int}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_init_set (mp_int * a, mp_digit b);
|
|
int mp_init_set_int (mp_int * a, unsigned long b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
Both functions work like the previous counterparts except they first mp\_init $a$ before setting the values.
|
|
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int number1, number2;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
/* initialize and set a single digit */
|
|
if ((result = mp_init_set(&number1, 100)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error setting number1: \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* initialize and set a long */
|
|
if ((result = mp_init_set_int(&number2, 1023)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error setting number2: \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* display */
|
|
printf("Number1, Number2 == \%lu, \%lu",
|
|
mp_get_int(&number1), mp_get_int(&number2));
|
|
|
|
/* clear */
|
|
mp_clear_multi(&number1, &number2, NULL);
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
If this program succeeds it shall output.
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
Number1, Number2 == 100, 1023
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
\section{Comparisons}
|
|
|
|
Comparisons in LibTomMath are always performed in a ``left to right'' fashion. There are three possible return codes
|
|
for any comparison.
|
|
|
|
\index{MP\_GT} \index{MP\_EQ} \index{MP\_LT}
|
|
\begin{figure}[here]
|
|
\begin{center}
|
|
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
|
|
\hline \textbf{Result Code} & \textbf{Meaning} \\
|
|
\hline MP\_GT & $a > b$ \\
|
|
\hline MP\_EQ & $a = b$ \\
|
|
\hline MP\_LT & $a < b$ \\
|
|
\hline
|
|
\end{tabular}
|
|
\end{center}
|
|
\caption{Comparison Codes for $a, b$}
|
|
\label{fig:CMP}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
|
|
In figure \ref{fig:CMP} two integers $a$ and $b$ are being compared. In this case $a$ is said to be ``to the left'' of
|
|
$b$.
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Unsigned comparison}
|
|
|
|
An unsigned comparison considers only the digits themselves and not the associated \textit{sign} flag of the
|
|
mp\_int structures. This is analogous to an absolute comparison. The function mp\_cmp\_mag() will compare two
|
|
mp\_int variables based on their digits only.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_cmp\_mag}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_cmp_mag(mp_int * a, mp_int * b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This will compare $a$ to $b$ placing $a$ to the left of $b$. This function cannot fail and will return one of the
|
|
three compare codes listed in figure \ref{fig:CMP}.
|
|
|
|
\begin{small} \begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int number1, number2;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
if ((result = mp_init_multi(&number1, &number2, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error initializing the numbers. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* set the number1 to 5 */
|
|
mp_set(&number1, 5);
|
|
|
|
/* set the number2 to -6 */
|
|
mp_set(&number2, 6);
|
|
if ((result = mp_neg(&number2, &number2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error negating number2. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
switch(mp_cmp_mag(&number1, &number2)) \{
|
|
case MP_GT: printf("|number1| > |number2|"); break;
|
|
case MP_EQ: printf("|number1| = |number2|"); break;
|
|
case MP_LT: printf("|number1| < |number2|"); break;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* we're done with it. */
|
|
mp_clear_multi(&number1, &number2, NULL);
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt} \end{small}
|
|
|
|
If this program\footnote{This function uses the mp\_neg() function which is discussed in section \ref{sec:NEG}.} completes
|
|
successfully it should print the following.
|
|
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
|number1| < |number2|
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This is because $\vert -6 \vert = 6$ and obviously $5 < 6$.
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Signed comparison}
|
|
|
|
To compare two mp\_int variables based on their signed value the mp\_cmp() function is provided.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_cmp}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_cmp(mp_int * a, mp_int * b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This will compare $a$ to the left of $b$. It will first compare the signs of the two mp\_int variables. If they
|
|
differ it will return immediately based on their signs. If the signs are equal then it will compare the digits
|
|
individually. This function will return one of the compare conditions codes listed in figure \ref{fig:CMP}.
|
|
|
|
\begin{small} \begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int number1, number2;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
if ((result = mp_init_multi(&number1, &number2, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error initializing the numbers. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* set the number1 to 5 */
|
|
mp_set(&number1, 5);
|
|
|
|
/* set the number2 to -6 */
|
|
mp_set(&number2, 6);
|
|
if ((result = mp_neg(&number2, &number2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error negating number2. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
switch(mp_cmp(&number1, &number2)) \{
|
|
case MP_GT: printf("number1 > number2"); break;
|
|
case MP_EQ: printf("number1 = number2"); break;
|
|
case MP_LT: printf("number1 < number2"); break;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* we're done with it. */
|
|
mp_clear_multi(&number1, &number2, NULL);
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt} \end{small}
|
|
|
|
If this program\footnote{This function uses the mp\_neg() function which is discussed in section \ref{sec:NEG}.} completes
|
|
successfully it should print the following.
|
|
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
number1 > number2
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Single Digit}
|
|
|
|
To compare a single digit against an mp\_int the following function has been provided.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_cmp\_d}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_cmp_d(mp_int * a, mp_digit b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This will compare $a$ to the left of $b$ using a signed comparison. Note that it will always treat $b$ as
|
|
positive. This function is rather handy when you have to compare against small values such as $1$ (which often
|
|
comes up in cryptography). The function cannot fail and will return one of the tree compare condition codes
|
|
listed in figure \ref{fig:CMP}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{small} \begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int number;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error initializing the number. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* set the number to 5 */
|
|
mp_set(&number, 5);
|
|
|
|
switch(mp_cmp_d(&number, 7)) \{
|
|
case MP_GT: printf("number > 7"); break;
|
|
case MP_EQ: printf("number = 7"); break;
|
|
case MP_LT: printf("number < 7"); break;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* we're done with it. */
|
|
mp_clear(&number);
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt} \end{small}
|
|
|
|
If this program functions properly it will print out the following.
|
|
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
number < 7
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
\section{Logical Operations}
|
|
|
|
Logical operations are operations that can be performed either with simple shifts or boolean operators such as
|
|
AND, XOR and OR directly. These operations are very quick.
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Multiplication by two}
|
|
|
|
Multiplications and divisions by any power of two can be performed with quick logical shifts either left or
|
|
right depending on the operation.
|
|
|
|
When multiplying or dividing by two a special case routine can be used which are as follows.
|
|
\index{mp\_mul\_2} \index{mp\_div\_2}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_mul_2(mp_int * a, mp_int * b);
|
|
int mp_div_2(mp_int * a, mp_int * b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
The former will assign twice $a$ to $b$ while the latter will assign half $a$ to $b$. These functions are fast
|
|
since the shift counts and maskes are hardcoded into the routines.
|
|
|
|
\begin{small} \begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int number;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error initializing the number. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* set the number to 5 */
|
|
mp_set(&number, 5);
|
|
|
|
/* multiply by two */
|
|
if ((result = mp\_mul\_2(&number, &number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error multiplying the number. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
switch(mp_cmp_d(&number, 7)) \{
|
|
case MP_GT: printf("2*number > 7"); break;
|
|
case MP_EQ: printf("2*number = 7"); break;
|
|
case MP_LT: printf("2*number < 7"); break;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* now divide by two */
|
|
if ((result = mp\_div\_2(&number, &number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error dividing the number. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
switch(mp_cmp_d(&number, 7)) \{
|
|
case MP_GT: printf("2*number/2 > 7"); break;
|
|
case MP_EQ: printf("2*number/2 = 7"); break;
|
|
case MP_LT: printf("2*number/2 < 7"); break;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* we're done with it. */
|
|
mp_clear(&number);
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt} \end{small}
|
|
|
|
If this program is successful it will print out the following text.
|
|
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
2*number > 7
|
|
2*number/2 < 7
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
Since $10 > 7$ and $5 < 7$. To multiply by a power of two the following function can be used.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_mul\_2d}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_mul_2d(mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This will multiply $a$ by $2^b$ and store the result in ``c''. If the value of $b$ is less than or equal to
|
|
zero the function will copy $a$ to ``c'' without performing any further actions.
|
|
|
|
To divide by a power of two use the following.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_div\_2d}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_div_2d (mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
Which will divide $a$ by $2^b$, store the quotient in ``c'' and the remainder in ``d'. If $b \le 0$ then the
|
|
function simply copies $a$ over to ``c'' and zeroes $d$. The variable $d$ may be passed as a \textbf{NULL}
|
|
value to signal that the remainder is not desired.
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Polynomial Basis Operations}
|
|
|
|
Strictly speaking the organization of the integers within the mp\_int structures is what is known as a
|
|
``polynomial basis''. This simply means a field element is stored by divisions of a radix. For example, if
|
|
$f(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{k} y_ix^k$ for any vector $\vec y$ then the array of digits in $\vec y$ are said to be
|
|
the polynomial basis representation of $z$ if $f(\beta) = z$ for a given radix $\beta$.
|
|
|
|
To multiply by the polynomial $g(x) = x$ all you have todo is shift the digits of the basis left one place. The
|
|
following function provides this operation.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_lshd}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_lshd (mp_int * a, int b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This will multiply $a$ in place by $x^b$ which is equivalent to shifting the digits left $b$ places and inserting zeroes
|
|
in the least significant digits. Similarly to divide by a power of $x$ the following function is provided.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_rshd}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
void mp_rshd (mp_int * a, int b)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This will divide $a$ in place by $x^b$ and discard the remainder. This function cannot fail as it performs the operations
|
|
in place and no new digits are required to complete it.
|
|
|
|
\subsection{AND, OR and XOR Operations}
|
|
|
|
While AND, OR and XOR operations are not typical ``bignum functions'' they can be useful in several instances. The
|
|
three functions are prototyped as follows.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_or} \index{mp\_and} \index{mp\_xor}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_or (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c);
|
|
int mp_and (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c);
|
|
int mp_xor (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
Which compute $c = a \odot b$ where $\odot$ is one of OR, AND or XOR.
|
|
|
|
\section{Addition and Subtraction}
|
|
|
|
To compute an addition or subtraction the following two functions can be used.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_add} \index{mp\_sub}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_add (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c);
|
|
int mp_sub (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
Which perform $c = a \odot b$ where $\odot$ is one of signed addition or subtraction. The operations are fully sign
|
|
aware.
|
|
|
|
\section{Sign Manipulation}
|
|
\subsection{Negation}
|
|
\label{sec:NEG}
|
|
Simple integer negation can be performed with the following.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_neg}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_neg (mp_int * a, mp_int * b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
Which assigns $-a$ to $b$.
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Absolute}
|
|
Simple integer absolutes can be performed with the following.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_neg}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_abs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
Which assigns $\vert a \vert$ to $b$.
|
|
|
|
\section{Integer Division and Remainder}
|
|
To perform a complete and general integer division with remainder use the following function.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_div}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_div (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This divides $a$ by $b$ and stores the quotient in $c$ and $d$. The signed quotient is computed such that
|
|
$bc + d = a$. Note that either of $c$ or $d$ can be set to \textbf{NULL} if their value is not required. If
|
|
$b$ is zero the function returns \textbf{MP\_VAL}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
\chapter{Multiplication and Squaring}
|
|
\section{Multiplication}
|
|
A full signed integer multiplication can be performed with the following.
|
|
\index{mp\_mul}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_mul (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
Which assigns the full signed product $ab$ to $c$. This function actually breaks into one of four cases which are
|
|
specific multiplication routines optimized for given parameters. First there are the Toom-Cook multiplications which
|
|
should only be used with very large inputs. This is followed by the Karatsuba multiplications which are for moderate
|
|
sized inputs. Then followed by the Comba and baseline multipliers.
|
|
|
|
Fortunately for the developer you don't really need to know this unless you really want to fine tune the system. mp\_mul()
|
|
will determine on its own\footnote{Some tweaking may be required.} what routine to use automatically when it is called.
|
|
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int number1, number2;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
/* Initialize the numbers */
|
|
if ((result = mp_init_multi(&number1,
|
|
&number2, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error initializing the numbers. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* set the terms */
|
|
if ((result = mp_set_int(&number, 257)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error setting number1. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
if ((result = mp_set_int(&number2, 1023)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error setting number2. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* multiply them */
|
|
if ((result = mp_mul(&number1, &number2,
|
|
&number1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error multiplying terms. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* display */
|
|
printf("number1 * number2 == \%lu", mp_get_int(&number1));
|
|
|
|
/* free terms and return */
|
|
mp_clear_multi(&number1, &number2, NULL);
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
If this program succeeds it shall output the following.
|
|
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
number1 * number2 == 262911
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
\section{Squaring}
|
|
Since squaring can be performed faster than multiplication it is performed it's own function instead of just using
|
|
mp\_mul().
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_sqr}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
Will square $a$ and store it in $b$. Like the case of multiplication there are four different squaring
|
|
algorithms all which can be called from mp\_sqr(). It is ideal to use mp\_sqr over mp\_mul when squaring terms because
|
|
of the speed difference.
|
|
|
|
\section{Tuning Polynomial Basis Routines}
|
|
|
|
Both of the Toom-Cook and Karatsuba multiplication algorithms are faster than the traditional $O(n^2)$ approach that
|
|
the Comba and baseline algorithms use. At $O(n^{1.464973})$ and $O(n^{1.584962})$ running times respectively they require
|
|
considerably less work. For example, a 10000-digit multiplication would take roughly 724,000 single precision
|
|
multiplications with Toom-Cook or 100,000,000 single precision multiplications with the standard Comba (a factor
|
|
of 138).
|
|
|
|
So why not always use Karatsuba or Toom-Cook? The simple answer is that they have so much overhead that they're not
|
|
actually faster than Comba until you hit distinct ``cutoff'' points. For Karatsuba with the default configuration,
|
|
GCC 3.3.1 and an Athlon XP processor the cutoff point is roughly 110 digits (about 70 for the Intel P4). That is, at
|
|
110 digits Karatsuba and Comba multiplications just about break even and for 110+ digits Karatsuba is faster.
|
|
|
|
Toom-Cook has incredible overhead and is probably only useful for very large inputs. So far no known cutoff points
|
|
exist and for the most part I just set the cutoff points very high to make sure they're not called.
|
|
|
|
A demo program in the ``etc/'' directory of the project called ``tune.c'' can be used to find the cutoff points. This
|
|
can be built with GCC as follows
|
|
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
make XXX
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
Where ``XXX'' is one of the following entries from the table \ref{fig:tuning}.
|
|
|
|
\begin{figure}[here]
|
|
\begin{center}
|
|
\begin{small}
|
|
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
|
|
\hline \textbf{Value of XXX} & \textbf{Meaning} \\
|
|
\hline tune & Builds portable tuning application \\
|
|
\hline tune86 & Builds x86 (pentium and up) program for COFF \\
|
|
\hline tune86c & Builds x86 program for Cygwin \\
|
|
\hline tune86l & Builds x86 program for Linux (ELF format) \\
|
|
\hline
|
|
\end{tabular}
|
|
\end{small}
|
|
\end{center}
|
|
\caption{Build Names for Tuning Programs}
|
|
\label{fig:tuning}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
|
|
When the program is running it will output a series of measurements for different cutoff points. It will first find
|
|
good Karatsuba squaring and multiplication points. Then it proceeds to find Toom-Cook points. Note that the Toom-Cook
|
|
tuning takes a very long time as the cutoff points are likely to be very high.
|
|
|
|
\chapter{Modular Reduction}
|
|
|
|
Modular reduction is process of taking the remainder of one quantity divided by another. Expressed
|
|
as (\ref{eqn:mod}) the modular reduction is equivalent to the remainder of $b$ divided by $c$.
|
|
|
|
\begin{equation}
|
|
a \equiv b \mbox{ (mod }c\mbox{)}
|
|
\label{eqn:mod}
|
|
\end{equation}
|
|
|
|
Of particular interest to cryptography are reductions where $b$ is limited to the range $0 \le b < c^2$ since particularly
|
|
fast reduction algorithms can be written for the limited range.
|
|
|
|
Note that one of the four optimized reduction algorithms are automatically chosen in the modular exponentiation
|
|
algorithm mp\_exptmod when an appropriate modulus is detected.
|
|
|
|
\section{Straight Division}
|
|
In order to effect an arbitrary modular reduction the following algorithm is provided.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_mod}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_mod(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This reduces $a$ modulo $b$ and stores the result in $c$. The sign of $c$ shall agree with the sign
|
|
of $b$. This algorithm accepts an input $a$ of any range and is not limited by $0 \le a < b^2$.
|
|
|
|
\section{Barrett Reduction}
|
|
|
|
Barrett reduction is a generic optimized reduction algorithm that requires pre--computation to achieve
|
|
a decent speedup over straight division. First a $\mu$ value must be precomputed with the following function.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_reduce\_setup}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_reduce_setup(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
Given a modulus in $b$ this produces the required $\mu$ value in $a$. For any given modulus this only has to
|
|
be computed once. Modular reduction can now be performed with the following.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_reduce}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_reduce(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This will reduce $a$ in place modulo $b$ with the precomputed $\mu$ value in $c$. $a$ must be in the range
|
|
$0 \le a < b^2$.
|
|
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int a, b, c, mu;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
/* initialize a,b to desired values, mp_init mu,
|
|
* c and set c to 1...we want to compute a^3 mod b
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
/* get mu value */
|
|
if ((result = mp_reduce_setup(&mu, b)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error getting mu. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* square a to get c = a^2 */
|
|
if ((result = mp_sqr(&a, &c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error squaring. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* now reduce `c' modulo b */
|
|
if ((result = mp_reduce(&c, &b, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error reducing. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* multiply a to get c = a^3 */
|
|
if ((result = mp_mul(&a, &c, &c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error reducing. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* now reduce `c' modulo b */
|
|
if ((result = mp_reduce(&c, &b, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error reducing. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* c now equals a^3 mod b */
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This program will calculate $a^3 \mbox{ mod }b$ if all the functions succeed.
|
|
|
|
\section{Montgomery Reduction}
|
|
|
|
Montgomery is a specialized reduction algorithm for any odd moduli. Like Barrett reduction a pre--computation
|
|
step is required. This is accomplished with the following.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_montgomery\_setup}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_montgomery_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *mp);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
For the given odd moduli $a$ the precomputation value is placed in $mp$. The reduction is computed with the
|
|
following.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_montgomery\_reduce}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_montgomery_reduce(mp_int *a, mp_int *m, mp_digit mp);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This reduces $a$ in place modulo $m$ with the pre--computed value $mp$. $a$ must be in the range
|
|
$0 \le a < b^2$.
|
|
|
|
Montgomery reduction is faster than Barrett reduction for moduli smaller than the ``comba'' limit. With the default
|
|
setup for instance, the limit is $127$ digits ($3556$--bits). Note that this function is not limited to
|
|
$127$ digits just that it falls back to a baseline algorithm after that point.
|
|
|
|
An important observation is that this reduction does not return $a \mbox{ mod }m$ but $aR^{-1} \mbox{ mod }m$
|
|
where $R = \beta^n$, $n$ is the n number of digits in $m$ and $\beta$ is radix used (default is $2^{28}$).
|
|
|
|
To quickly calculate $R$ the following function was provided.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_montgomery\_calc\_normalization}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_montgomery_calc_normalization(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
Which calculates $a = R$ for the odd moduli $b$ without using multiplication or division.
|
|
|
|
The normal modus operandi for Montgomery reductions is to normalize the integers before entering the system. For
|
|
example, to calculate $a^3 \mbox { mod }b$ using Montgomery reduction the value of $a$ can be normalized by
|
|
multiplying it by $R$. Consider the following code snippet.
|
|
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int main(void)
|
|
\{
|
|
mp_int a, b, c, R;
|
|
mp_digit mp;
|
|
int result;
|
|
|
|
/* initialize a,b to desired values,
|
|
* mp_init R, c and set c to 1....
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
/* get normalization */
|
|
if ((result = mp_montgomery_calc_normalization(&R, b)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error getting norm. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* get mp value */
|
|
if ((result = mp_montgomery_setup(&c, &mp)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error setting up montgomery. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* normalize `a' so now a is equal to aR */
|
|
if ((result = mp_mulmod(&a, &R, &b, &a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error computing aR. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* square a to get c = a^2R^2 */
|
|
if ((result = mp_sqr(&a, &c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error squaring. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* now reduce `c' back down to c = a^2R^2 * R^-1 == a^2R */
|
|
if ((result = mp_montgomery_reduce(&c, &b, mp)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error reducing. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* multiply a to get c = a^3R^2 */
|
|
if ((result = mp_mul(&a, &c, &c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error reducing. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* now reduce `c' back down to c = a^3R^2 * R^-1 == a^3R */
|
|
if ((result = mp_montgomery_reduce(&c, &b, mp)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error reducing. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* now reduce (again) `c' back down to c = a^3R * R^-1 == a^3 */
|
|
if ((result = mp_montgomery_reduce(&c, &b, mp)) != MP_OKAY) \{
|
|
printf("Error reducing. \%s",
|
|
mp_error_to_string(result));
|
|
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
|
\}
|
|
|
|
/* c now equals a^3 mod b */
|
|
|
|
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
|
|
\}
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This particular example does not look too efficient but it demonstrates the point of the algorithm. By
|
|
normalizing the inputs the reduced results are always of the form $aR$ for some variable $a$. This allows
|
|
a single final reduction to correct for the normalization and the fast reduction used within the algorithm.
|
|
|
|
For more details consider examining the file \textit{bn\_mp\_exptmod\_fast.c}.
|
|
|
|
\section{Restricted Dimminished Radix}
|
|
|
|
``Dimminished Radix'' reduction refers to reduction with respect to moduli that are ameniable to simple
|
|
digit shifting and small multiplications. In this case the ``restricted'' variant refers to moduli of the
|
|
form $\beta^k - p$ for some $k \ge 0$ and $0 < p < \beta$ where $\beta$ is the radix (default to $2^{28}$).
|
|
|
|
As in the case of Montgomery reduction there is a pre--computation phase required for a given modulus.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_dr\_setup}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
void mp_dr_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This computes the value required for the modulus $a$ and stores it in $d$. This function cannot fail
|
|
and does not return any error codes. After the pre--computation a reduction can be performed with the
|
|
following.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_dr\_reduce}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_dr_reduce(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_digit mp);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This reduces $a$ in place modulo $b$ with the pre--computed value $mp$. $b$ must be of a restricted
|
|
dimminished radix form and $a$ must be in the range $0 \le a < b^2$. Dimminished radix reductions are
|
|
much faster than both Barrett and Montgomery reductions as they have a much lower asymtotic running time.
|
|
|
|
Since the moduli are restricted this algorithm is not particularly useful for something like Rabin, RSA or
|
|
BBS cryptographic purposes. This reduction algorithm is useful for Diffie-Hellman and ECC where fixed
|
|
primes are acceptable.
|
|
|
|
Note that unlike Montgomery reduction there is no normalization process. The result of this function is
|
|
equal to the correct residue.
|
|
|
|
\section{Unrestricted Dimminshed Radix}
|
|
|
|
Unrestricted reductions work much like the restricted counterparts except in this case the moduli is of the
|
|
form $2^k - p$ for $0 < p < \beta$. In this sense the unrestricted reductions are more flexible as they
|
|
can be applied to a wider range of numbers.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_reduce\_2k\_setup}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_reduce_2k_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This will compute the required $d$ value for the given moduli $a$.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_reduce\_2k}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_reduce_2k(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_digit d);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This will reduce $a$ in place modulo $n$ with the pre--computed value $d$. From my experience this routine is
|
|
slower than mp\_dr\_reduce but faster for most moduli sizes than the Montgomery reduction.
|
|
|
|
\chapter{Exponentiation}
|
|
\section{Single Digit Exponentiation}
|
|
\index{mp\_expt\_d}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_expt_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This computes $c = a^b$ using a simple binary left-to-right algorithm. It is faster than repeated multiplications by
|
|
$a$ for all values of $b$ greater than three.
|
|
|
|
\section{Modular Exponentiation}
|
|
\index{mp\_exptmod}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This computes $Y \equiv G^X \mbox{ (mod }P\mbox{)}$ using a variable width sliding window algorithm. This function
|
|
will automatically detect the fastest modular reduction technique to use during the operation. For negative values of
|
|
$X$ the operation is performed as $Y \equiv (G^{-1} \mbox{ mod }P)^{\vert X \vert} \mbox{ (mod }P\mbox{)}$ provided that
|
|
$gcd(G, P) = 1$.
|
|
|
|
This function is actually a shell around the two internal exponentiation functions. This routine will automatically
|
|
detect when Barrett, Montgomery, Restricted and Unrestricted Dimminished Radix based exponentiation can be used. Generally
|
|
moduli of the a ``restricted dimminished radix'' form lead to the fastest modular exponentiations. Followed by Montgomery
|
|
and the other two algorithms.
|
|
|
|
\section{Root Finding}
|
|
\index{mp\_n\_root}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_n_root (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This computes $c = a^{1/b}$ such that $c^b \le a$ and $(c+1)^b > a$. The implementation of this function is not
|
|
ideal for values of $b$ greater than three. It will work but become very slow. So unless you are working with very small
|
|
numbers (less than 1000 bits) I'd avoid $b > 3$ situations. Will return a positive root only for even roots and return
|
|
a root with the sign of the input for odd roots. For example, performing $4^{1/2}$ will return $2$ whereas $(-8)^{1/3}$
|
|
will return $-2$.
|
|
|
|
This algorithm uses the ``Newton Approximation'' method and will converge on the correct root fairly quickly. Since
|
|
the algorithm requires raising $a$ to the power of $b$ it is not ideal to attempt to find roots for large
|
|
values of $b$. If particularly large roots are required then a factor method could be used instead. For example,
|
|
$a^{1/16}$ is equivalent to $\left (a^{1/4} \right)^{1/4}$ or simply
|
|
$\left ( \left ( \left ( a^{1/2} \right )^{1/2} \right )^{1/2} \right )^{1/2}$
|
|
|
|
\chapter{Prime Numbers}
|
|
\section{Trial Division}
|
|
\index{mp\_prime\_is\_divisible}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_prime_is_divisible (mp_int * a, int *result)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This will attempt to evenly divide $a$ by a list of primes\footnote{Default is the first 256 primes.} and store the
|
|
outcome in ``result''. That is if $result = 0$ then $a$ is not divisible by the primes, otherwise it is. Note that
|
|
if the function does not return \textbf{MP\_OKAY} the value in ``result'' should be considered undefined\footnote{Currently
|
|
the default is to set it to zero first.}.
|
|
|
|
\section{Fermat Test}
|
|
\index{mp\_prime\_fermat}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_prime_fermat (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, int *result)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
Performs a Fermat primality test to the base $b$. That is it computes $b^a \mbox{ mod }a$ and tests whether the value is
|
|
equal to $b$ or not. If the values are equal then $a$ is probably prime and $result$ is set to one. Otherwise $result$
|
|
is set to zero.
|
|
|
|
\section{Miller-Rabin Test}
|
|
\index{mp\_prime\_miller\_rabin}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_prime_miller_rabin (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, int *result)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
Performs a Miller-Rabin test to the base $b$ of $a$. This test is much stronger than the Fermat test and is very hard to
|
|
fool (besides with Carmichael numbers). If $a$ passes the test (therefore is probably prime) $result$ is set to one.
|
|
Otherwise $result$ is set to zero.
|
|
|
|
Note that is suggested that you use the Miller-Rabin test instead of the Fermat test since all of the failures of
|
|
Miller-Rabin are a subset of the failures of the Fermat test.
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Required Number of Tests}
|
|
Generally to ensure a number is very likely to be prime you have to perform the Miller-Rabin with at least a half-dozen
|
|
or so unique bases. However, it has been proven that the probability of failure goes down as the size of the input goes up.
|
|
This is why a simple function has been provided to help out.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_prime\_rabin\_miller\_trials}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials(int size)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This returns the number of trials required for a $2^{-96}$ (or lower) probability of failure for a given ``size'' expressed
|
|
in bits. This comes in handy specially since larger numbers are slower to test. For example, a 512-bit number would
|
|
require ten tests whereas a 1024-bit number would only require four tests.
|
|
|
|
You should always still perform a trial division before a Miller-Rabin test though.
|
|
|
|
\section{Primality Testing}
|
|
\index{mp\_prime\_is\_prime}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_prime_is_prime (mp_int * a, int t, int *result)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This will perform a trial division followed by $t$ rounds of Miller-Rabin tests on $a$ and store the result in $result$.
|
|
If $a$ passes all of the tests $result$ is set to one, otherwise it is set to zero. Note that $t$ is bounded by
|
|
$1 \le t < PRIME\_SIZE$ where $PRIME\_SIZE$ is the number of primes in the prime number table (by default this is $256$).
|
|
|
|
\section{Next Prime}
|
|
\index{mp\_prime\_next\_prime}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_prime_next_prime(mp_int *a, int t, int bbs_style)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This finds the next prime after $a$ that passes mp\_prime\_is\_prime() with $t$ tests. Set $bbs\_style$ to one if you
|
|
want only the next prime congruent to $3 \mbox{ mod } 4$, otherwise set it to zero to find any next prime.
|
|
|
|
\section{Random Primes}
|
|
\index{mp\_prime\_random}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_prime_random(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int bbs,
|
|
ltm_prime_callback cb, void *dat)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This will find a prime greater than $256^{size}$ which can be ``bbs\_style'' or not depending on $bbs$ and must pass
|
|
$t$ rounds of tests. The ``ltm\_prime\_callback'' is a typedef for
|
|
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
typedef int ltm_prime_callback(unsigned char *dst, int len, void *dat);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
Which is a function that must read $len$ bytes (and return the amount stored) into $dst$. The $dat$ variable is simply
|
|
copied from the original input. It can be used to pass RNG context data to the callback. The function
|
|
mp\_prime\_random() is more suitable for generating primes which must be secret (as in the case of RSA) since there
|
|
is no skew on the least significant bits.
|
|
|
|
\textit{Note:} As of v0.30 of the LibTomMath library this function has been deprecated. It is still available
|
|
but users are encouraged to use the new mp\_prime\_random\_ex() function instead.
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Extended Generation}
|
|
\index{mp\_prime\_random\_ex}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a, int t,
|
|
int size, int flags,
|
|
ltm_prime_callback cb, void *dat);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This will generate a prime in $a$ using $t$ tests of the primality testing algorithms. The variable $size$
|
|
specifies the bit length of the prime desired. The variable $flags$ specifies one of several options available
|
|
(see fig. \ref{fig:primeopts}) which can be OR'ed together. The callback parameters are used as in
|
|
mp\_prime\_random().
|
|
|
|
\begin{figure}[here]
|
|
\begin{center}
|
|
\begin{small}
|
|
\begin{tabular}{|r|l|}
|
|
\hline \textbf{Flag} & \textbf{Meaning} \\
|
|
\hline LTM\_PRIME\_BBS & Make the prime congruent to $3$ modulo $4$ \\
|
|
\hline LTM\_PRIME\_SAFE & Make a prime $p$ such that $(p - 1)/2$ is also prime. \\
|
|
& This option implies LTM\_PRIME\_BBS as well. \\
|
|
\hline LTM\_PRIME\_2MSB\_OFF & Makes sure that the bit adjacent to the most significant bit \\
|
|
& Is forced to zero. \\
|
|
\hline LTM\_PRIME\_2MSB\_ON & Makes sure that the bit adjacent to the most significant bit \\
|
|
& Is forced to one. \\
|
|
\hline
|
|
\end{tabular}
|
|
\end{small}
|
|
\end{center}
|
|
\caption{Primality Generation Options}
|
|
\label{fig:primeopts}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
|
|
\chapter{Input and Output}
|
|
\section{ASCII Conversions}
|
|
\subsection{To ASCII}
|
|
\index{mp\_toradix}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_toradix (mp_int * a, char *str, int radix);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This still store $a$ in ``str'' as a base-``radix'' string of ASCII chars. This function appends a NUL character
|
|
to terminate the string. Valid values of ``radix'' line in the range $[2, 64]$. To determine the size (exact) required
|
|
by the conversion before storing any data use the following function.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_radix\_size}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_radix_size (mp_int * a, int radix, int *size)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This stores in ``size'' the number of characters (including space for the NUL terminator) required. Upon error this
|
|
function returns an error code and ``size'' will be zero.
|
|
|
|
\subsection{From ASCII}
|
|
\index{mp\_read\_radix}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_read_radix (mp_int * a, char *str, int radix);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This will read the base-``radix'' NUL terminated string from ``str'' into $a$. It will stop reading when it reads a
|
|
character it does not recognize (which happens to include th NUL char... imagine that...). A single leading $-$ sign
|
|
can be used to denote a negative number.
|
|
|
|
\section{Binary Conversions}
|
|
|
|
Converting an mp\_int to and from binary is another keen idea.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_unsigned\_bin\_size}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_unsigned_bin_size(mp_int *a);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This will return the number of bytes (octets) required to store the unsigned copy of the integer $a$.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_to\_unsigned\_bin}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_to_unsigned_bin(mp_int *a, unsigned char *b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This will store $a$ into the buffer $b$ in big--endian format. Fortunately this is exactly what DER (or is it ASN?)
|
|
requires. It does not store the sign of the integer.
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_read\_unsigned\_bin}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_read_unsigned_bin(mp_int *a, unsigned char *b, int c);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This will read in an unsigned big--endian array of bytes (octets) from $b$ of length $c$ into $a$. The resulting
|
|
integer $a$ will always be positive.
|
|
|
|
For those who acknowledge the existence of negative numbers (heretic!) there are ``signed'' versions of the
|
|
previous functions.
|
|
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_signed_bin_size(mp_int *a);
|
|
int mp_read_signed_bin(mp_int *a, unsigned char *b, int c);
|
|
int mp_to_signed_bin(mp_int *a, unsigned char *b);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
They operate essentially the same as the unsigned copies except they prefix the data with zero or non--zero
|
|
byte depending on the sign. If the sign is zpos (e.g. not negative) the prefix is zero, otherwise the prefix
|
|
is non--zero.
|
|
|
|
\chapter{Algebraic Functions}
|
|
\section{Extended Euclidean Algorithm}
|
|
\index{mp\_exteuclid}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_exteuclid(mp_int *a, mp_int *b,
|
|
mp_int *U1, mp_int *U2, mp_int *U3);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
This finds the triple U1/U2/U3 using the Extended Euclidean algorithm such that the following equation holds.
|
|
|
|
\begin{equation}
|
|
a \cdot U1 + b \cdot U2 = U3
|
|
\end{equation}
|
|
|
|
Any of the U1/U2/U3 paramters can be set to \textbf{NULL} if they are not desired.
|
|
|
|
\section{Greatest Common Divisor}
|
|
\index{mp\_gcd}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_gcd (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This will compute the greatest common divisor of $a$ and $b$ and store it in $c$.
|
|
|
|
\section{Least Common Multiple}
|
|
\index{mp\_lcm}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_lcm (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This will compute the least common multiple of $a$ and $b$ and store it in $c$.
|
|
|
|
\section{Jacobi Symbol}
|
|
\index{mp\_jacobi}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_jacobi (mp_int * a, mp_int * p, int *c)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
This will compute the Jacobi symbol for $a$ with respect to $p$. If $p$ is prime this essentially computes the Legendre
|
|
symbol. The result is stored in $c$ and can take on one of three values $\lbrace -1, 0, 1 \rbrace$. If $p$ is prime
|
|
then the result will be $-1$ when $a$ is not a quadratic residue modulo $p$. The result will be $0$ if $a$ divides $p$
|
|
and the result will be $1$ if $a$ is a quadratic residue modulo $p$.
|
|
|
|
\section{Modular Inverse}
|
|
\index{mp\_invmod}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_invmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
Computes the multiplicative inverse of $a$ modulo $b$ and stores the result in $c$ such that $ac \equiv 1 \mbox{ (mod }b\mbox{)}$.
|
|
|
|
\section{Single Digit Functions}
|
|
|
|
For those using small numbers (\textit{snicker snicker}) there are several ``helper'' functions
|
|
|
|
\index{mp\_add\_d} \index{mp\_sub\_d} \index{mp\_mul\_d} \index{mp\_div\_d} \index{mp\_mod\_d}
|
|
\begin{alltt}
|
|
int mp_add_d(mp_int *a, mp_digit b, mp_int *c);
|
|
int mp_sub_d(mp_int *a, mp_digit b, mp_int *c);
|
|
int mp_mul_d(mp_int *a, mp_digit b, mp_int *c);
|
|
int mp_div_d(mp_int *a, mp_digit b, mp_int *c, mp_digit *d);
|
|
int mp_mod_d(mp_int *a, mp_digit b, mp_digit *c);
|
|
\end{alltt}
|
|
|
|
These work like the full mp\_int capable variants except the second parameter $b$ is a mp\_digit. These
|
|
functions fairly handy if you have to work with relatively small numbers since you will not have to allocate
|
|
an entire mp\_int to store a number like $1$ or $2$.
|
|
|
|
\input{bn.ind}
|
|
|
|
\end{document}
|