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NETWORK WORKING GROUP L. Zhu
Internet-Draft K. Jaganathan
Expires: March 17, 2006 K. Lauter
Microsoft Corporation
September 13, 2005
ECC Support for PKINIT
draft-zhu-pkinit-ecc-00
Status of this Memo
By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any
applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware
have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes
aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
This Internet-Draft will expire on March 17, 2006.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
Abstract
This document describes the use of Elliptic Curve certificates,
Elliptic Curve signature schemes and Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman
(ECDH) key agreement within the framework of PKINIT - the Kerberos
Version 5 extension that provides for the use of public key
cryptography.
Zhu, et al. Expires March 17, 2006 [Page 1]
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Using Elliptic Curve Certificates and Elliptic Curve
Signature Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Using ECDH Key Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. Choosing the Domain Parameters and the Key Size . . . . . . . 6
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 11
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1. Introduction
Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is emerging as an attractive
public-key cryptosystem that provides security equivalent to
currently popular public-key mechanisms such as RSA and DSA with
smaller key sizes [LENSTRA] [NISTSP80057].
Currently [PKINIT] permits the use of ECC algorithms but it does not
specify how ECC parameters are chosen and how to derive the shared
key for key delivery using Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH)
[IEEE1363].
This document describes how to use Elliptic Curve certificates,
Elliptic Curve signature schemes, and ECDH with [PKINIT]. However,
it should be noted that there is no syntactic or semantic change to
the existing [PKINIT] messages. Both the client and the KDC
contribute one ECDH key pair using the key agrement protocol
described in this document.
2. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. Using Elliptic Curve Certificates and Elliptic Curve Signature
Schemes
ECC certificates and signature schemes can be used in the
Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) [RFC3369] content type
'SignedData'.
X.509 certificates [RFC3280] containing ECC public keys or signed
using ECC signature schemes MUST comply with [RFC3279].
The elliptic curve domain parameters recommended in [X9.62],
[FIPS186-2], and [SECG] SHOULD be used.
The signatureAlgorithm field of the CMS data type SignerInfo can
contain one of the following ECC signature algorithm identifiers:
ecdsa-with-Sha1 [ECCPKALGS]
ecdsa-with-Sha256 [ECCPKALGS]
ecdsa-with-Sha384 [ECCPKALGS]
ecdsa-with-Sha512 [ECCPKALGS]
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The corresponding digestAlgorithm field contains one of the following
hash algorithm identifiers respectively:
id-sha1 [RFC3279]
id-sha256 [ECCPKALGS]
id-sha384 [ECCPKALGS]
id-sha512 [ECCPKALGS]
Namely id-sha1 MUST be used in conjunction with ecdsa-with-Sha1, id-
sha256 MUST be used in conjunction with ecdsa-with-Sha256, id-sha384
MUST be used in conjunction with ecdsa-with-Sha384, and id-sha512
MUST be used in conjunction with ecdsa-with-Sha512.
Implementations of this specfication MUST support ecdsa-with-Sha256
and SHOULD support ecdsa-with-Sha1.
4. Using ECDH Key Exchange
This section describes how ECDH can be used as the AS reply key
delivery method [PKINIT]. Note that the protocol description is
similar to that of Modular Exponential Diffie-Hellman (MODP DH), as
described in [PKINIT].
If the client wishes to use ECDH key agreement method, it encodes its
ECDH public key value and the domain parameters [IEEE1363] for its
ECDH public key in clientPublicValue of the PA-PK-AS-REQ message
[PKINIT].
As described in [PKINIT], the ECDH domain parameters for the client's
public key are specified in the algorithm field of the type
SubjectPublicKeyInfo [RFC3279] and the client's ECDH public key value
is mapped to a subjectPublicKey (a BIT STRING) according to
[RFC3279].
The following algorithm identifier is used to identify the client's
choice of the ECDH key agreement method for key delivery.
id-ecPublicKey (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman [IEEE1363])
If the domain parameters are not accepted by the KDC, the KDC sends
back an error message [RFC4120] with the code
KDC_ERR_DH_KEY_PARAMETERS_NOT_ACCEPTED [PKINIT]. This error message
contains the list of domain parameters acceptable to the KDC. This
list is encoded as TD-DH-PARAMETERS [PKINIT], and it is in the KDC's
decreasing preference order. The client can then pick a set of
domain parameters from the list and retry the authentication.
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Both the client and the KDC MUST have local policy that specifies
which set of domain parameters are acceptable if they do not have a
priori knowledge of the chosen domain parameters. The need for such
local policy is explained in Section 6.
If the ECDH domain parameters are accepted by the KDC, the KDC sends
back its ECDH public key value in the subjectPublicKey field of the
PA-PK-AS-REP message [PKINIT].
As described in [PKINIT], the KDC's ECDH public key value is encoded
as a BIT STRING according to [RFC3279].
Note that in the steps above, the client can indicate to the KDC that
it wishes to reuse ECDH keys or to allow the KDC to do so, by
including the clientDHNonce field in the request [PKINIT], and the
KDC can then reuse the ECDH keys and include serverDHNonce field in
the reply [PKINIT]. This logic is the same as that of the Modular
Exponential Diffie-Hellman key agreement method [PKINIT].
If ECDH is negotiated as the key delivery method, both the KDC and
the client calculate the shared secret value and derive the reply key
as follows:
1) Let DHSharedSecret be the x-coordinate of the shared secret value
(an elliptic curve point). DHSharedSecret is the output of
operation ECSVDP-DH as described in Section 7.2.1 of [IEEE1363].
2) DHSharedSecret is first padded with leading zeros such that the
size of DHSharedSecret in octets is the same as that of the
modulus, then represented as a string of octets in big-endian
order.
3) The DHSharedSecret value derived above is used as input to the
octetstring2key() function to derive the AS reply key k, as
described in Section 3.2.3.1 of [PKINIT].
Both the client and KDC then proceed as described in [PKINIT] and
[RFC4120].
Lastly it should be noted that ECDH can be used with any certificates
and signature schemes. However, a significant advantage of using
ECDH together with ECC certificates and signature schemes is that the
ECC domain parameters in the client or KDC certificates can be used.
This obviates the need of locally preconfigured domain parameters as
described in Section 6.
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5. Choosing the Domain Parameters and the Key Size
The domain parameters and the key size should be chosen so as to
provide sufficient cryptographic security [RFC3766]. The following
table, based on table 2 on page 63 of NIST SP800-57 part 1
[NISTSP80057], gives approximate comparable key sizes for symmetric-
and asymmetric-key cryptosystems based on the best-known algorithms
for attacking them.
Symmetric | ECC | RSA
-------------+----------- +------------
80 | 160 - 223 | 1024
112 | 224 - 255 | 2048
128 | 256 - 383 | 3072
192 | 384 - 511 | 7680
256 | 512+ | 15360
Table 1: Comparable key sizes (in bits)
Thus, for example, when securing a 128-bit symmetric key, it is
prudent to use 256-bit Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), e.g. group
P-256 (secp256r1) as described below.
A set of ECDH domain parameters is also known as a curve. A curve is
a named curve if the domain paratmeters are well known and can be
identified by an Object Identifier, otherwise it is called a custom
curve. [PKINIT] supports both named curves and custom curves, see
Section 6 on the tradeoff of choosing between named curves and custom
curves.
The named curves recommended in this document are also recommended by
NIST [FIPS186-2]. These fifteen ECC curves are given in the
following table [FIPS186-2] [SECG].
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Description SEC 2 OID
----------------- ---------
ECPRGF192Random group P-192 secp192r1
EC2NGF163Random group B-163 sect163r2
EC2NGF163Koblitz group K-163 sect163k1
ECPRGF224Random group P-224 secp224r1
EC2NGF233Random group B-233 sect233r1
EC2NGF233Koblitz group K-233 sect233k1
ECPRGF256Random group P-256 secp256r1
EC2NGF283Random group B-283 sect283r1
EC2NGF283Koblitz group K-283 sect283k1
ECPRGF384Random group P-384 secp384r1
EC2NGF409Random group B-409 sect409r1
EC2NGF409Koblitz group K-409 sect409k1
ECPRGF521Random group P-521 secp521r1
EC2NGF571Random group B-571 sect571r1
EC2NGF571Koblitz group K-571 sect571k1
6. Security Considerations
Kerberos error messages are not integrity protected, as a result, the
domain parameters sent by the KDC as TD-DH-PARAMETERS can be tampered
with by an attacker so that the set of domain parameters selected
could be either weaker or not mutually preferred. Local policy can
configure sets of domain parameters acceptable locally, or disallow
the negotiation of ECDH domain parameters.
Beyond elliptic curve size, the main issue is elliptic curve
structure. As a general principle, it is more conservative to use
elliptic curves with as little algebraic structure as possible - thus
random curves are more conservative than special curves such as
Koblitz curves, and curves over F_p with p random are more
conservative than curves over F_p with p of a special form (and
curves over F_p with p random might be considered more conservative
than curves over F_2^m as there is no choice between multiple fields
of similar size for characteristic 2). Note, however, that algebraic
structure can also lead to implementation efficiencies and
implementors and users may, therefore, need to balance conservatism
against a need for efficiency. Concrete attacks are known against
only very few special classes of curves, such as supersingular
curves, and these classes are excluded from the ECC standards such as
[IEEE1363] and [X9.62].
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Another issue is the potential for catastrophic failures when a
single elliptic curve is widely used. In this case, an attack on the
elliptic curve might result in the compromise of a large number of
keys. Again, this concern may need to be balanced against efficiency
and interoperability improvements associated with widely-used curves.
Substantial additional information on elliptic curve choice can be
found in [IEEE1363], [X9.62] and [FIPS186-2].
7. IANA Considerations
No IANA actions are required for this document.
8. Acknowledgements
The following people have made significant contributions to this
draft: Paul Leach, Dan Simon, Kelvin Yiu, David Cross and Sam
Hartman.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[ECCPKALGS]
RFC-Editor: To be replaced by RFC number for draft-ietf-
pkix-ecc-pkalgs. Work in Progress.
[FIPS186-2]
NIST, "Digital Signature Standard", FIPS 186-2, 2000.
[IEEE1363]
IEEE, "Standard Specifications for Public Key Cryptography",
IEEE 1363, 2000.
[NISTSP80057]
NIST, "Recommendation on Key Management",
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/, SP 800-57,
August 2005.
[PKINIT] RFC-Editor: To be replaced by RFC number for draft-ietf-
cat-kerberos-pk-init. Work in Progress.
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[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3279] Bassham, L., Polk, W., and R. Housley, "Algorithms and
Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key
Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
(CRL) Profile", RFC 3279, April 2002.
[RFC3280] Housley, R., Polk, W., Ford, W., and D. Solo, "Internet
X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and
Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 3280,
April 2002.
[RFC3369] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)",
RFC 3369, August 2002.
[RFC3766] Orman, H. and P. Hoffman, "Determining Strengths For
Public Keys Used For Exchanging Symmetric Keys", BCP 86,
RFC 3766, April 2004.
[RFC4120] Neuman, C., Yu, T., Hartman, S., and K. Raeburn, "The
Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)", RFC 4120,
July 2005.
[X9.62] ANSI, "Public Key Cryptography For The Financial Services
Industry: The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
(ECDSA)", ANSI X9.62, 1998.
9.2. Informative References
[LENSTRA] Lenstra, A. and E. Verheul, "Selecting Cryptographic Key
Sizes", Journal of Cryptology 14 (2001) 255-293.
[SECG] SECG, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography", SEC 1, 2000,
<http://www.secg.org/>.
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Authors' Addresses
Larry Zhu
Microsoft Corporation
One Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052
US
Email: lzhu@microsoft.com
Karthik Jaganathan
Microsoft Corporation
One Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052
US
Email: karthikj@microsoft.com
Kristin Lauter
Microsoft Corporation
One Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052
US
Email: klauter@microsoft.com
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INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
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Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). This document is subject
to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and
except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.
Acknowledgment
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Zhu, et al. Expires March 17, 2006 [Page 11]
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