Wrap database users and database names in newtypes

Also, use less cloning where possible

Cargo.lock

@@ -253,6 +253,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "clap_derive",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "clap-verbosity-flag"
+version = "2.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "63d19864d6b68464c59f7162c9914a0b569ddc2926b4a2d71afe62a9738eff53"
+dependencies = [
+ "clap",
+ "log",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
 version = "4.5.15"
@@ -993,6 +1003,9 @@ name = "log"
 version = "0.4.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a7a70ba024b9dc04c27ea2f0c0548feb474ec5c54bba33a7f72f873a39d07b24"
+dependencies = [
+ "value-bag",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lru"
@@ -1064,6 +1077,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "async-bincode",
  "bincode",
  "clap",
+ "clap-verbosity-flag",
  "clap_complete",
  "derive_more",
  "dialoguer",
@@ -1082,6 +1096,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "sqlx",
+ "systemd-journal-logger",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-serde",
  "tokio-stream",
@@ -1996,6 +2011,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "systemd-journal-logger"
+version = "2.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b5f3848dd723f2a54ac1d96da793b32923b52de8dfcced8722516dac312a5b2a"
+dependencies = [
+ "log",
+ "rustix",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
 version = "3.12.0"
@@ -2287,6 +2312,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "getrandom",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "value-bag"
+version = "1.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5a84c137d37ab0142f0f2ddfe332651fdbf252e7b7dbb4e67b6c1f1b2e925101"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "vcpkg"
 version = "0.2.15"

Cargo.toml

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ anyhow = "1.0.86"
 async-bincode = "0.7.2"
 bincode = "1.3.3"
 clap = { version = "4.5.16", features = ["derive"] }
+clap-verbosity-flag = "2.2.1"
 clap_complete = "4.5.18"
 derive_more = { version = "1.0.0", features = ["display", "error"] }
 dialoguer = "0.11.0"
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ sd-notify = "0.4.2"
 serde = "1.0.208"
 serde_json = { version = "1.0.125", features = ["preserve_order"] }
 sqlx = { version = "0.8.0", features = ["runtime-tokio", "mysql", "tls-rustls"] }
+systemd-journal-logger = "2.1.1"
 tokio = { version = "1.39.3", features = ["rt", "macros"] }
 tokio-serde = { version = "0.9.0", features = ["bincode"] }
 tokio-stream = "0.1.15"

README.md

@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ cargo run -- --config-file ./config.toml <args>
 # example usage
 cargo run -- --config-file ./config.toml create-db "${USER}_testdb"
 cargo run -- --config-file ./config.toml create-user "${USER}_testuser"
-cargo run -- --config-file ./config.toml edit-db-perm -p "${USER}_testdb:${USER}_testuser:A"
+cargo run -- --config-file ./config.toml edit-db-privs -p "${USER}_testdb:${USER}_testuser:A"
-cargo run -- --config-file ./config.toml show-db-perm
+cargo run -- --config-file ./config.toml show-db-privs
 ```
 
 To stop and remove the container, run the following command:

deny.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+[graph]
+targets = [
+    "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu",
+    "aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu",
+    "armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf",
+
+    "x86_64-unknown-freebsd",
+    "aarch64-unknown-freebsd",
+    "armv7-unknown-freebsd",
+
+    "x86_64-apple-darwin",
+    "aarch64-apple-darwin",
+]
+
+all-features = false
+no-default-features = false
+
+#features = []
+
+[output]
+feature-depth = 1
+
+[advisories]
+#db-path = "$CARGO_HOME/advisory-dbs"
+#db-urls = ["https://github.com/rustsec/advisory-db"]
+ignore = []
+
+[licenses]
+allow = [
+    "GPL-2.0",
+    "MIT",
+    "Apache-2.0",
+    "ISC",
+    "MPL-2.0",
+    "Unicode-DFS-2016",
+    "BSD-3-Clause",
+    "OpenSSL",
+]
+confidence-threshold = 0.8
+exceptions = []
+
+[[licenses.clarify]]
+crate = "ring"
+expression = "MIT AND ISC AND OpenSSL"
+license-files = [
+  { path = "LICENSE", hash = 0xbd0eed23 }
+]
+
+[licenses.private]
+ignore = false
+registries = []
+
+[bans]
+multiple-versions = "allow"
+wildcards = "allow"
+highlight = "all"
+workspace-default-features = "allow"
+external-default-features = "allow"
+allow = []
+deny = []
+
+#[[bans.features]]
+#crate = "reqwest"
+#deny = ["json"]
+#allow = []
+#exact = true
+
+skip = []
+skip-tree = []
+
+[sources]
+unknown-registry = "warn"
+unknown-git = "warn"
+allow-registry = ["https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"]
+allow-git = []
+
+[sources.allow-org]
+

flake.nix

@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@
       };
 
       rust-bin = rust-overlay.lib.mkRustBin { } pkgs.buildPackages;
-      toolchain = rust-bin.stable.latest.default;
+      toolchain = rust-bin.stable.latest.default.override {
+        extensions = [ "rust-src" ];
+      };
     in f system pkgs toolchain);
   in {
 
@@ -45,6 +47,7 @@
         toolchain
         mysql-client
         cargo-nextest
+        cargo-deny
       ];
 
       RUST_SRC_PATH = "${toolchain}/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library";

nix/module.nix

@@ -15,6 +15,20 @@ in
       description = "Create a local database user for mysqladm-rs";
     };
 
+    logLevel = lib.mkOption {
+      type = lib.types.enum [ "quiet" "error" "warn" "info" "debug" "trace" ];
+      default = "debug";
+      description = "Log level for mysqladm-rs";
+      apply = level: {
+        "quiet" = "-q";
+        "error" = "";
+        "warn" = "-v";
+        "info" = "-vv";
+        "debug" = "-vvv";
+        "trace" = "-vvvv";
+      }.${level};
+    };
+
     settings = lib.mkOption {
       default = { };
       type = lib.types.submodule {
@@ -76,7 +90,7 @@ in
         name = cfg.settings.mysql.username;
         ensurePermissions = {
           "mysql.*" = "SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE";
-          "*.*" = "CREATE USER, GRANT OPTION";
+          "*.*" = "GRANT OPTION, CREATE, DROP";
         };
       }
     ];
@@ -86,7 +100,9 @@ in
       environment.RUST_LOG = "debug";
       serviceConfig = {
         Type = "notify";
-        ExecStart = "${lib.getExe cfg.package} server socket-activate --config ${configFile}";
+        ExecStart = "${lib.getExe cfg.package} ${cfg.logLevel} server --systemd socket-activate --config ${configFile}";
+
+        WatchdogSec = 15;
 
         User = "mysqladm";
         Group = "mysqladm";
@@ -95,7 +111,18 @@ in
         # This is required to read unix user/group details.
         PrivateUsers = false;
 
-        CapabilityBoundingSet = "";
+        # Needed to communicate with MySQL.
+        PrivateNetwork = false;
+
+        IPAddressDeny =
+          lib.optionals (lib.elem cfg.settings.mysql.host [ null "localhost" "127.0.0.1" ]) [ "any" ];
+
+        RestrictAddressFamilies = [ "AF_UNIX" ]
+          ++ (lib.optionals (cfg.settings.mysql.host != null) [ "AF_INET" "AF_INET6" ]);
+
+        AmbientCapabilities = [ "" ];
+        CapabilityBoundingSet = [ "" ];
+        DeviceAllow = [ "" ];
         LockPersonality = true;
         MemoryDenyWriteExecute = true;
         NoNewPrivileges = true;
@@ -113,12 +140,12 @@ in
         ProtectProc = "invisible";
         ProtectSystem = "strict";
         RemoveIPC = true;
-        UMask = "0000";
+        UMask = "0777";
-        RestrictAddressFamilies = [ "AF_UNIX" "AF_INET" "AF_INET6" ];
         RestrictNamespaces = true;
         RestrictRealtime = true;
         RestrictSUIDSGID = true;
         SystemCallArchitectures = "native";
+        SocketBindDeny = [ "any" ];
         SystemCallFilter = [
           "@system-service"
           "~@privileged"

src/cli/database_command.rs

@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@ use crate::{
             parse_privilege_table_cli_arg,
         },
         protocol::{
-            print_create_databases_output_status, print_drop_databases_output_status,
+            print_create_databases_output_status, print_create_databases_output_status_json,
-            print_modify_database_privileges_output_status, ClientToServerMessageStream, Request,
+            print_drop_databases_output_status, print_drop_databases_output_status_json,
-            Response,
+            print_modify_database_privileges_output_status, ClientToServerMessageStream,
+            MySQLDatabase, Request, Response,
         },
     },
     server::sql::database_privilege_operations::{DatabasePrivilegeRow, DATABASE_PRIVILEGE_FIELDS},
@@ -102,49 +103,57 @@ pub enum DatabaseCommand {
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct DatabaseCreateArgs {
-    /// The name of the database(s) to create.
+    /// The name of the database(s) to create
     #[arg(num_args = 1..)]
-    name: Vec<String>,
+    name: Vec<MySQLDatabase>,
+
+    /// Print the information as JSON
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    json: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct DatabaseDropArgs {
-    /// The name of the database(s) to drop.
+    /// The name of the database(s) to drop
     #[arg(num_args = 1..)]
-    name: Vec<String>,
+    name: Vec<MySQLDatabase>,
+
+    /// Print the information as JSON
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    json: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct DatabaseShowArgs {
-    /// The name of the database(s) to show.
+    /// The name of the database(s) to show
     #[arg(num_args = 0..)]
-    name: Vec<String>,
+    name: Vec<MySQLDatabase>,
 
-    /// Whether to output the information in JSON format.
+    /// Print the information as JSON
     #[arg(short, long)]
     json: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct DatabaseShowPrivsArgs {
-    /// The name of the database(s) to show.
+    /// The name of the database(s) to show
     #[arg(num_args = 0..)]
-    name: Vec<String>,
+    name: Vec<MySQLDatabase>,
 
-    /// Whether to output the information in JSON format.
+    /// Print the information as JSON
     #[arg(short, long)]
     json: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct DatabaseEditPrivsArgs {
-    /// The name of the database to edit privileges for.
+    /// The name of the database to edit privileges for
-    pub name: Option<String>,
+    pub name: Option<MySQLDatabase>,
 
     #[arg(short, long, value_name = "[DATABASE:]USER:PRIVILEGES", num_args = 0..)]
     pub privs: Vec<String>,
 
-    /// Whether to output the information in JSON format.
+    /// Print the information as JSON
     #[arg(short, long)]
     pub json: bool,
 
@@ -152,7 +161,7 @@ pub struct DatabaseEditPrivsArgs {
     #[arg(short, long)]
     pub editor: Option<String>,
 
-    /// Disable interactive confirmation before saving changes.
+    /// Disable interactive confirmation before saving changes
     #[arg(short, long)]
     pub yes: bool,
 }
@@ -182,7 +191,7 @@ async fn create_databases(
         anyhow::bail!("No database names provided");
     }
 
-    let message = Request::CreateDatabases(args.name.clone());
+    let message = Request::CreateDatabases(args.name.to_owned());
     server_connection.send(message).await?;
 
     let result = match server_connection.next().await {
@@ -192,7 +201,11 @@ async fn create_databases(
 
     server_connection.send(Request::Exit).await?;
 
+    if args.json {
+        print_create_databases_output_status_json(&result);
+    } else {
         print_create_databases_output_status(&result);
+    }
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -205,7 +218,7 @@ async fn drop_databases(
         anyhow::bail!("No database names provided");
     }
 
-    let message = Request::DropDatabases(args.name.clone());
+    let message = Request::DropDatabases(args.name.to_owned());
     server_connection.send(message).await?;
 
     let result = match server_connection.next().await {
@@ -215,7 +228,11 @@ async fn drop_databases(
 
     server_connection.send(Request::Exit).await?;
 
+    if args.json {
+        print_drop_databases_output_status_json(&result);
+    } else {
         print_drop_databases_output_status(&result);
+    };
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -227,11 +244,13 @@ async fn show_databases(
     let message = if args.name.is_empty() {
         Request::ListDatabases(None)
     } else {
-        Request::ListDatabases(Some(args.name.clone()))
+        Request::ListDatabases(Some(args.name.to_owned()))
     };
 
     server_connection.send(message).await?;
 
+    // TODO: collect errors for json output.
+
     let database_list = match server_connection.next().await {
         Some(Ok(Response::ListDatabases(databases))) => databases
             .into_iter()
@@ -282,7 +301,7 @@ async fn show_database_privileges(
     let message = if args.name.is_empty() {
         Request::ListPrivileges(None)
     } else {
-        Request::ListPrivileges(Some(args.name.clone()))
+        Request::ListPrivileges(Some(args.name.to_owned()))
     };
     server_connection.send(message).await?;
 
@@ -354,7 +373,7 @@ pub async fn edit_database_privileges(
     args: DatabaseEditPrivsArgs,
     mut server_connection: ClientToServerMessageStream,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let message = Request::ListPrivileges(args.name.clone().map(|name| vec![name]));
+    let message = Request::ListPrivileges(args.name.to_owned().map(|name| vec![name]));
 
     server_connection.send(message).await?;
 
@@ -386,13 +405,14 @@ pub async fn edit_database_privileges(
     let privileges_to_change = if !args.privs.is_empty() {
         parse_privilege_tables_from_args(&args)?
     } else {
-        edit_privileges_with_editor(&privilege_data, args.name.as_deref())?
+        edit_privileges_with_editor(&privilege_data, args.name.as_ref())?
     };
 
     let diffs = diff_privileges(&privilege_data, &privileges_to_change);
 
     if diffs.is_empty() {
         println!("No changes to make.");
+        server_connection.send(Request::Exit).await?;
         return Ok(());
     }
 
@@ -451,7 +471,7 @@ fn parse_privilege_tables_from_args(
 
 fn edit_privileges_with_editor(
     privilege_data: &[DatabasePrivilegeRow],
-    database_name: Option<&str>,
+    database_name: Option<&MySQLDatabase>,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<DatabasePrivilegeRow>> {
     let unix_user = User::from_uid(getuid())
         .context("Failed to look up your UNIX username")

src/cli/mysql_admutils_compatibility/common.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
+use crate::core::protocol::{MySQLDatabase, MySQLUser};
+
 #[inline]
-pub fn trim_to_32_chars(name: &str) -> String {
+pub fn trim_db_name_to_32_chars(db_name: &MySQLDatabase) -> MySQLDatabase {
-    name.chars().take(32).collect()
+    db_name.chars().take(32).collect::<String>().into()
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn trim_user_name_to_32_chars(user_name: &MySQLUser) -> MySQLUser {
+    user_name.chars().take(32).collect::<String>().into()
 }

src/cli/mysql_admutils_compatibility/mysql_dbadm.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::{
         common::erroneous_server_response,
         database_command,
         mysql_admutils_compatibility::{
-            common::trim_to_32_chars,
+            common::trim_db_name_to_32_chars,
             error_messages::{
                 format_show_database_error_message, handle_create_database_error,
                 handle_drop_database_error,
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::{
         bootstrap::bootstrap_server_connection_and_drop_privileges,
         protocol::{
             create_client_to_server_message_stream, ClientToServerMessageStream,
-            GetDatabasesPrivilegeDataError, Request, Response,
+            GetDatabasesPrivilegeDataError, MySQLDatabase, Request, Response,
         },
     },
     server::sql::database_privilege_operations::DatabasePrivilegeRow,
@@ -120,27 +120,27 @@ pub enum Command {
 pub struct CreateArgs {
     /// The name of the DATABASE(s) to create.
     #[arg(num_args = 1..)]
-    name: Vec<String>,
+    name: Vec<MySQLDatabase>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 pub struct DatabaseDropArgs {
     /// The name of the DATABASE(s) to drop.
     #[arg(num_args = 1..)]
-    name: Vec<String>,
+    name: Vec<MySQLDatabase>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 pub struct DatabaseShowArgs {
     /// The name of the DATABASE(s) to show.
     #[arg(num_args = 0..)]
-    name: Vec<String>,
+    name: Vec<MySQLDatabase>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 pub struct EditPermArgs {
     /// The name of the DATABASE to edit permissions for.
-    pub database: String,
+    pub database: MySQLDatabase,
 }
 
 pub fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
@@ -202,11 +202,7 @@ async fn create_databases(
     args: CreateArgs,
     mut server_connection: ClientToServerMessageStream,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let database_names = args
+    let database_names = args.name.iter().map(trim_db_name_to_32_chars).collect();
-        .name
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| trim_to_32_chars(name))
-        .collect();
 
     let message = Request::CreateDatabases(database_names);
     server_connection.send(message).await?;
@@ -232,11 +228,7 @@ async fn drop_databases(
     args: DatabaseDropArgs,
     mut server_connection: ClientToServerMessageStream,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let database_names = args
+    let database_names = args.name.iter().map(trim_db_name_to_32_chars).collect();
-        .name
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| trim_to_32_chars(name))
-        .collect();
 
     let message = Request::DropDatabases(database_names);
     server_connection.send(message).await?;
@@ -262,11 +254,8 @@ async fn show_databases(
     args: DatabaseShowArgs,
     mut server_connection: ClientToServerMessageStream,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let database_names: Vec<String> = args
+    let database_names: Vec<MySQLDatabase> =
-        .name
+        args.name.iter().map(trim_db_name_to_32_chars).collect();
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| trim_to_32_chars(name))
-        .collect();
 
     let message = if database_names.is_empty() {
         let message = Request::ListDatabases(None);
@@ -291,14 +280,16 @@ async fn show_databases(
 
     // NOTE: mysql-dbadm show has a quirk where valid database names
     //       for non-existent databases will report with no users.
-    let results: Vec<Result<(String, Vec<DatabasePrivilegeRow>), String>> = match response {
+    let results: Vec<Result<(MySQLDatabase, Vec<DatabasePrivilegeRow>), String>> = match response {
         Some(Ok(Response::ListPrivileges(result))) => result
             .into_iter()
-            .map(|(name, rows)| match rows.map(|rows| (name.clone(), rows)) {
+            .map(
+                |(name, rows)| match rows.map(|rows| (name.to_owned(), rows)) {
                     Ok(rows) => Ok(rows),
                     Err(GetDatabasesPrivilegeDataError::DatabaseDoesNotExist) => Ok((name, vec![])),
                     Err(err) => Err(format_show_database_error_message(err, &name)),
-            })
+                },
+            )
             .collect(),
         response => return erroneous_server_response(response),
     };

src/cli/mysql_admutils_compatibility/mysql_useradm.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::{
     cli::{
         common::erroneous_server_response,
         mysql_admutils_compatibility::{
-            common::trim_to_32_chars,
+            common::trim_user_name_to_32_chars,
             error_messages::{
                 handle_create_user_error, handle_drop_user_error, handle_list_users_error,
             },
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ use crate::{
     core::{
         bootstrap::bootstrap_server_connection_and_drop_privileges,
         protocol::{
-            create_client_to_server_message_stream, ClientToServerMessageStream, Request, Response,
+            create_client_to_server_message_stream, ClientToServerMessageStream, MySQLUser,
+            Request, Response,
         },
     },
     server::sql::user_operations::DatabaseUser,
@@ -83,28 +84,28 @@ pub enum Command {
 pub struct CreateArgs {
     /// The name of the USER(s) to create.
     #[arg(num_args = 1..)]
-    name: Vec<String>,
+    name: Vec<MySQLUser>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 pub struct DeleteArgs {
     /// The name of the USER(s) to delete.
     #[arg(num_args = 1..)]
-    name: Vec<String>,
+    name: Vec<MySQLUser>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 pub struct PasswdArgs {
     /// The name of the USER(s) to change the password for.
     #[arg(num_args = 1..)]
-    name: Vec<String>,
+    name: Vec<MySQLUser>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 pub struct ShowArgs {
     /// The name of the USER(s) to show.
     #[arg(num_args = 0..)]
-    name: Vec<String>,
+    name: Vec<MySQLUser>,
 }
 
 pub fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
@@ -152,13 +153,9 @@ async fn create_user(
     args: CreateArgs,
     mut server_connection: ClientToServerMessageStream,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let usernames = args
+    let db_users = args.name.iter().map(trim_user_name_to_32_chars).collect();
-        .name
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| trim_to_32_chars(name))
-        .collect();
 
-    let message = Request::CreateUsers(usernames);
+    let message = Request::CreateUsers(db_users);
     server_connection.send(message).await?;
 
     let result = match server_connection.next().await {
@@ -182,13 +179,9 @@ async fn drop_users(
     args: DeleteArgs,
     mut server_connection: ClientToServerMessageStream,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let usernames = args
+    let db_users = args.name.iter().map(trim_user_name_to_32_chars).collect();
-        .name
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| trim_to_32_chars(name))
-        .collect();
 
-    let message = Request::DropUsers(usernames);
+    let message = Request::DropUsers(db_users);
     server_connection.send(message).await?;
 
     let result = match server_connection.next().await {
@@ -212,13 +205,9 @@ async fn passwd_users(
     args: PasswdArgs,
     mut server_connection: ClientToServerMessageStream,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let usernames = args
+    let db_users = args.name.iter().map(trim_user_name_to_32_chars).collect();
-        .name
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| trim_to_32_chars(name))
-        .collect();
 
-    let message = Request::ListUsers(Some(usernames));
+    let message = Request::ListUsers(Some(db_users));
     server_connection.send(message).await?;
 
     let response = match server_connection.next().await {
@@ -243,11 +232,11 @@ async fn passwd_users(
 
     for user in users {
         let password = read_password_from_stdin_with_double_check(&user.user)?;
-        let message = Request::PasswdUser(user.user.clone(), password);
+        let message = Request::PasswdUser(user.user.to_owned(), password);
         server_connection.send(message).await?;
         match server_connection.next().await {
             Some(Ok(Response::PasswdUser(result))) => match result {
-                Ok(()) => println!("Password updated for user '{}'.", user.user),
+                Ok(()) => println!("Password updated for user '{}'.", &user.user),
                 Err(_) => eprintln!(
                     "{}: Failed to update password for user '{}'.",
                     argv0, user.user,
@@ -266,16 +255,12 @@ async fn show_users(
     args: ShowArgs,
     mut server_connection: ClientToServerMessageStream,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let usernames: Vec<_> = args
+    let db_users: Vec<_> = args.name.iter().map(trim_user_name_to_32_chars).collect();
-        .name
-        .iter()
-        .map(|name| trim_to_32_chars(name))
-        .collect();
 
-    let message = if usernames.is_empty() {
+    let message = if db_users.is_empty() {
         Request::ListUsers(None)
     } else {
-        Request::ListUsers(Some(usernames))
+        Request::ListUsers(Some(db_users))
     };
     server_connection.send(message).await?;
 

src/cli/user_command.rs

@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@ use dialoguer::{Confirm, Password};
 use futures_util::{SinkExt, StreamExt};
 
 use crate::core::protocol::{
-    print_create_users_output_status, print_drop_users_output_status,
+    print_create_users_output_status, print_create_users_output_status_json,
-    print_lock_users_output_status, print_set_password_output_status,
+    print_drop_users_output_status, print_drop_users_output_status_json,
-    print_unlock_users_output_status, ClientToServerMessageStream, ListUsersError, Request,
+    print_lock_users_output_status, print_lock_users_output_status_json,
-    Response,
+    print_set_password_output_status, print_unlock_users_output_status,
+    print_unlock_users_output_status_json, ClientToServerMessageStream, ListUsersError, MySQLUser,
+    Request, Response,
 };
 
 use super::common::erroneous_server_response;
@@ -51,46 +53,69 @@ pub enum UserCommand {
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct UserCreateArgs {
     #[arg(num_args = 1..)]
-    username: Vec<String>,
+    username: Vec<MySQLUser>,
 
     /// Do not ask for a password, leave it unset
     #[clap(long)]
     no_password: bool,
+
+    /// Print the information as JSON
+    ///
+    /// Note that this implies `--no-password`, since the command will become non-interactive.
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    json: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct UserDeleteArgs {
     #[arg(num_args = 1..)]
-    username: Vec<String>,
+    username: Vec<MySQLUser>,
+
+    /// Print the information as JSON
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    json: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct UserPasswdArgs {
-    username: String,
+    username: MySQLUser,
 
     #[clap(short, long)]
     password_file: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Print the information as JSON
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    json: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct UserShowArgs {
     #[arg(num_args = 0..)]
-    username: Vec<String>,
+    username: Vec<MySQLUser>,
 
-    #[clap(short, long)]
+    /// Print the information as JSON
+    #[arg(short, long)]
     json: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct UserLockArgs {
     #[arg(num_args = 1..)]
-    username: Vec<String>,
+    username: Vec<MySQLUser>,
+
+    /// Print the information as JSON
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    json: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct UserUnlockArgs {
     #[arg(num_args = 1..)]
-    username: Vec<String>,
+    username: Vec<MySQLUser>,
+
+    /// Print the information as JSON
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    json: bool,
 }
 
 pub async fn handle_command(
@@ -115,7 +140,7 @@ async fn create_users(
         anyhow::bail!("No usernames provided");
     }
 
-    let message = Request::CreateUsers(args.username.clone());
+    let message = Request::CreateUsers(args.username.to_owned());
     if let Err(err) = server_connection.send(message).await {
         server_connection.close().await.ok();
         anyhow::bail!(anyhow::Error::from(err).context("Failed to communicate with server"));
@@ -126,6 +151,9 @@ async fn create_users(
         response => return erroneous_server_response(response),
     };
 
+    if args.json {
+        print_create_users_output_status_json(&result);
+    } else {
         print_create_users_output_status(&result);
 
         let successfully_created_users = result
@@ -144,7 +172,7 @@ async fn create_users(
                     .interact()?
             {
                 let password = read_password_from_stdin_with_double_check(username)?;
-            let message = Request::PasswdUser(username.clone(), password);
+                let message = Request::PasswdUser(username.to_owned(), password);
 
                 if let Err(err) = server_connection.send(message).await {
                     server_connection.close().await.ok();
@@ -161,6 +189,7 @@ async fn create_users(
                 println!();
             }
         }
+    }
 
     server_connection.send(Request::Exit).await?;
 
@@ -175,7 +204,7 @@ async fn drop_users(
         anyhow::bail!("No usernames provided");
     }
 
-    let message = Request::DropUsers(args.username.clone());
+    let message = Request::DropUsers(args.username.to_owned());
 
     if let Err(err) = server_connection.send(message).await {
         server_connection.close().await.ok();
@@ -189,12 +218,16 @@ async fn drop_users(
 
     server_connection.send(Request::Exit).await?;
 
+    if args.json {
+        print_drop_users_output_status_json(&result);
+    } else {
         print_drop_users_output_status(&result);
+    }
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn read_password_from_stdin_with_double_check(username: &str) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
+pub fn read_password_from_stdin_with_double_check(username: &MySQLUser) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
     Password::new()
         .with_prompt(format!("New MySQL password for user '{}'", username))
         .with_confirmation(
@@ -210,7 +243,7 @@ async fn passwd_user(
     mut server_connection: ClientToServerMessageStream,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     // TODO: create a "user" exists check" command
-    let message = Request::ListUsers(Some(vec![args.username.clone()]));
+    let message = Request::ListUsers(Some(vec![args.username.to_owned()]));
     if let Err(err) = server_connection.send(message).await {
         server_connection.close().await.ok();
         anyhow::bail!(err);
@@ -240,7 +273,7 @@ async fn passwd_user(
         read_password_from_stdin_with_double_check(&args.username)?
     };
 
-    let message = Request::PasswdUser(args.username.clone(), password);
+    let message = Request::PasswdUser(args.username.to_owned(), password);
 
     if let Err(err) = server_connection.send(message).await {
         server_connection.close().await.ok();
@@ -266,7 +299,7 @@ async fn show_users(
     let message = if args.username.is_empty() {
         Request::ListUsers(None)
     } else {
-        Request::ListUsers(Some(args.username.clone()))
+        Request::ListUsers(Some(args.username.to_owned()))
     };
 
     if let Err(err) = server_connection.send(message).await {
@@ -337,7 +370,7 @@ async fn lock_users(
         anyhow::bail!("No usernames provided");
     }
 
-    let message = Request::LockUsers(args.username.clone());
+    let message = Request::LockUsers(args.username.to_owned());
 
     if let Err(err) = server_connection.send(message).await {
         server_connection.close().await.ok();
@@ -351,7 +384,11 @@ async fn lock_users(
 
     server_connection.send(Request::Exit).await?;
 
+    if args.json {
+        print_lock_users_output_status_json(&result);
+    } else {
         print_lock_users_output_status(&result);
+    }
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -364,7 +401,7 @@ async fn unlock_users(
         anyhow::bail!("No usernames provided");
     }
 
-    let message = Request::UnlockUsers(args.username.clone());
+    let message = Request::UnlockUsers(args.username.to_owned());
 
     if let Err(err) = server_connection.send(message).await {
         server_connection.close().await.ok();
@@ -378,7 +415,11 @@ async fn unlock_users(
 
     server_connection.send(Request::Exit).await?;
 
+    if args.json {
+        print_unlock_users_output_status_json(&result);
+    } else {
         print_unlock_users_output_status(&result);
+    }
 
     Ok(())
 }

src/core/common.rs

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl UnixUser {
 
         Ok(UnixUser {
             username: libc_user.name,
-            groups: groups.iter().map(|g| g.name.clone()).collect(),
+            groups: groups.iter().map(|g| g.name.to_owned()).collect(),
         })
     }
 

src/core/database_privileges.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ use std::{
     collections::{BTreeSet, HashMap},
 };
 
-use super::common::{rev_yn, yn};
+use super::{
+    common::{rev_yn, yn},
+    protocol::{MySQLDatabase, MySQLUser},
+};
 use crate::server::sql::database_privilege_operations::{
     DatabasePrivilegeRow, DATABASE_PRIVILEGE_FIELDS,
 };
@@ -35,8 +38,8 @@ pub fn diff(row1: &DatabasePrivilegeRow, row2: &DatabasePrivilegeRow) -> Databas
     debug_assert!(row1.db == row2.db && row1.user == row2.user);
 
     DatabasePrivilegeRowDiff {
-        db: row1.db.clone(),
+        db: row1.db.to_owned(),
-        user: row1.user.clone(),
+        user: row1.user.to_owned(),
         diff: DATABASE_PRIVILEGE_FIELDS
             .into_iter()
             .skip(2)
@@ -62,8 +65,16 @@ pub fn parse_privilege_table_cli_arg(arg: &str) -> anyhow::Result<DatabasePrivil
         anyhow::bail!("Invalid argument format. See `edit-db-privs --help` for more information.");
     }
 
-    let db = parts[0].to_string();
+    if parts[0].is_empty() {
-    let user = parts[1].to_string();
+        anyhow::bail!("Database name cannot be empty.");
+    }
+
+    if parts[1].is_empty() {
+        anyhow::bail!("Username cannot be empty.");
+    }
+
+    let db = parts[0].into();
+    let user = parts[1].into();
     let privs = parts[2].to_string();
 
     let mut result = DatabasePrivilegeRow {
@@ -157,11 +168,11 @@ const EDITOR_COMMENT: &str = r#"
 pub fn generate_editor_content_from_privilege_data(
     privilege_data: &[DatabasePrivilegeRow],
     unix_user: &str,
-    database_name: Option<&str>,
+    database_name: Option<&MySQLDatabase>,
 ) -> String {
     let example_user = format!("{}_user", unix_user);
     let example_db = database_name
-        .unwrap_or(&format!("{}_db", unix_user))
+        .unwrap_or(&format!("{}_db", unix_user).into())
         .to_string();
 
     // NOTE: `.max()`` fails when the iterator is empty.
@@ -198,8 +209,8 @@ pub fn generate_editor_content_from_privilege_data(
 
     let example_line = format_privileges_line_for_editor(
         &DatabasePrivilegeRow {
-            db: example_db,
+            db: example_db.into(),
-            user: example_user,
+            user: example_user.into(),
             select_priv: true,
             insert_priv: true,
             update_priv: true,
@@ -290,8 +301,8 @@ fn parse_privilege_row_from_editor(row: &str) -> PrivilegeRowParseResult {
     }
 
     let row = DatabasePrivilegeRow {
-        db: (*parts.first().unwrap()).to_owned(),
+        db: (*parts.first().unwrap()).into(),
-        user: (*parts.get(1).unwrap()).to_owned(),
+        user: (*parts.get(1).unwrap()).into(),
         select_priv: match parse_privilege_cell_from_editor(
             parts.get(2).unwrap(),
             DATABASE_PRIVILEGE_FIELDS[2],
@@ -415,8 +426,8 @@ pub fn parse_privilege_data_from_editor_content(
 /// The `User` and `Database` are the same for both instances.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct DatabasePrivilegeRowDiff {
-    pub db: String,
+    pub db: MySQLDatabase,
-    pub user: String,
+    pub user: MySQLUser,
     pub diff: BTreeSet<DatabasePrivilegeChange>,
 }
 
@@ -446,7 +457,7 @@ pub enum DatabasePrivilegesDiff {
 }
 
 impl DatabasePrivilegesDiff {
-    pub fn get_database_name(&self) -> &str {
+    pub fn get_database_name(&self) -> &MySQLDatabase {
         match self {
             DatabasePrivilegesDiff::New(p) => &p.db,
             DatabasePrivilegesDiff::Modified(p) => &p.db,
@@ -454,7 +465,7 @@ impl DatabasePrivilegesDiff {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn get_user_name(&self) -> &str {
+    pub fn get_user_name(&self) -> &MySQLUser {
         match self {
             DatabasePrivilegesDiff::New(p) => &p.user,
             DatabasePrivilegesDiff::Modified(p) => &p.user,
@@ -470,34 +481,36 @@ pub fn diff_privileges(
     from: &[DatabasePrivilegeRow],
     to: &[DatabasePrivilegeRow],
 ) -> BTreeSet<DatabasePrivilegesDiff> {
-    let from_lookup_table: HashMap<(String, String), DatabasePrivilegeRow> = HashMap::from_iter(
+    let from_lookup_table: HashMap<(MySQLDatabase, MySQLUser), DatabasePrivilegeRow> =
+        HashMap::from_iter(
             from.iter()
                 .cloned()
-            .map(|p| ((p.db.clone(), p.user.clone()), p)),
+                .map(|p| ((p.db.to_owned(), p.user.to_owned()), p)),
         );
 
-    let to_lookup_table: HashMap<(String, String), DatabasePrivilegeRow> = HashMap::from_iter(
+    let to_lookup_table: HashMap<(MySQLDatabase, MySQLUser), DatabasePrivilegeRow> =
+        HashMap::from_iter(
             to.iter()
                 .cloned()
-            .map(|p| ((p.db.clone(), p.user.clone()), p)),
+                .map(|p| ((p.db.to_owned(), p.user.to_owned()), p)),
         );
 
     let mut result = BTreeSet::new();
 
     for p in to {
-        if let Some(old_p) = from_lookup_table.get(&(p.db.clone(), p.user.clone())) {
+        if let Some(old_p) = from_lookup_table.get(&(p.db.to_owned(), p.user.to_owned())) {
             let diff = diff(old_p, p);
             if !diff.diff.is_empty() {
                 result.insert(DatabasePrivilegesDiff::Modified(diff));
             }
         } else {
-            result.insert(DatabasePrivilegesDiff::New(p.clone()));
+            result.insert(DatabasePrivilegesDiff::New(p.to_owned()));
         }
     }
 
     for p in from {
-        if !to_lookup_table.contains_key(&(p.db.clone(), p.user.clone())) {
+        if !to_lookup_table.contains_key(&(p.db.to_owned(), p.user.to_owned())) {
-            result.insert(DatabasePrivilegesDiff::Deleted(p.clone()));
+            result.insert(DatabasePrivilegesDiff::Deleted(p.to_owned()));
         }
     }
 
@@ -579,11 +592,89 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(DatabasePrivilegeChange::new(false, false, "test"), None);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_privilege_table_cli_arg() {
+        let result = parse_privilege_table_cli_arg("db:user:A");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.ok(),
+            Some(DatabasePrivilegeRow {
+                db: "db".into(),
+                user: "user".into(),
+                select_priv: true,
+                insert_priv: true,
+                update_priv: true,
+                delete_priv: true,
+                create_priv: true,
+                drop_priv: true,
+                alter_priv: true,
+                index_priv: true,
+                create_tmp_table_priv: true,
+                lock_tables_priv: true,
+                references_priv: true,
+            })
+        );
+
+        let result = parse_privilege_table_cli_arg("db:user:");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.ok(),
+            Some(DatabasePrivilegeRow {
+                db: "db".into(),
+                user: "user".into(),
+                select_priv: false,
+                insert_priv: false,
+                update_priv: false,
+                delete_priv: false,
+                create_priv: false,
+                drop_priv: false,
+                alter_priv: false,
+                index_priv: false,
+                create_tmp_table_priv: false,
+                lock_tables_priv: false,
+                references_priv: false,
+            })
+        );
+
+        let result = parse_privilege_table_cli_arg("db:user:siud");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.ok(),
+            Some(DatabasePrivilegeRow {
+                db: "db".into(),
+                user: "user".into(),
+                select_priv: true,
+                insert_priv: true,
+                update_priv: true,
+                delete_priv: true,
+                create_priv: false,
+                drop_priv: false,
+                alter_priv: false,
+                index_priv: false,
+                create_tmp_table_priv: false,
+                lock_tables_priv: false,
+                references_priv: false,
+            })
+        );
+
+        let result = parse_privilege_table_cli_arg("db:user:F");
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+
+        let result = parse_privilege_table_cli_arg("db:s");
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+
+        let result = parse_privilege_table_cli_arg("::");
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+
+        let result = parse_privilege_table_cli_arg("db::");
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+
+        let result = parse_privilege_table_cli_arg(":user:");
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_diff_privileges() {
         let row_to_be_modified = DatabasePrivilegeRow {
-            db: "db".to_owned(),
+            db: "db".into(),
-            user: "user".to_owned(),
+            user: "user".into(),
             select_priv: true,
             insert_priv: true,
             update_priv: true,
@@ -597,20 +688,20 @@ mod tests {
             references_priv: false,
         };
 
-        let mut row_to_be_deleted = row_to_be_modified.clone();
+        let mut row_to_be_deleted = row_to_be_modified.to_owned();
         "user2".clone_into(&mut row_to_be_deleted.user);
 
-        let from = vec![row_to_be_modified.clone(), row_to_be_deleted.clone()];
+        let from = vec![row_to_be_modified.to_owned(), row_to_be_deleted.to_owned()];
 
-        let mut modified_row = row_to_be_modified.clone();
+        let mut modified_row = row_to_be_modified.to_owned();
         modified_row.select_priv = false;
         modified_row.insert_priv = false;
         modified_row.index_priv = true;
 
-        let mut new_row = row_to_be_modified.clone();
+        let mut new_row = row_to_be_modified.to_owned();
         "user3".clone_into(&mut new_row.user);
 
-        let to = vec![modified_row.clone(), new_row.clone()];
+        let to = vec![modified_row.to_owned(), new_row.to_owned()];
 
         let diffs = diff_privileges(&from, &to);
 
@@ -619,8 +710,8 @@ mod tests {
             BTreeSet::from_iter(vec![
                 DatabasePrivilegesDiff::Deleted(row_to_be_deleted),
                 DatabasePrivilegesDiff::Modified(DatabasePrivilegeRowDiff {
-                    db: "db".to_owned(),
+                    db: "db".into(),
-                    user: "user".to_owned(),
+                    user: "user".into(),
                     diff: BTreeSet::from_iter(vec![
                         DatabasePrivilegeChange::YesToNo("select_priv".to_owned()),
                         DatabasePrivilegeChange::YesToNo("insert_priv".to_owned()),
@@ -636,8 +727,8 @@ mod tests {
     fn ensure_generated_and_parsed_editor_content_is_equal() {
         let permissions = vec![
             DatabasePrivilegeRow {
-                db: "db".to_owned(),
+                db: "db".into(),
-                user: "user".to_owned(),
+                user: "user".into(),
                 select_priv: true,
                 insert_priv: true,
                 update_priv: true,
@@ -651,8 +742,8 @@ mod tests {
                 references_priv: true,
             },
             DatabasePrivilegeRow {
-                db: "db2".to_owned(),
+                db: "db".into(),
-                user: "user2".to_owned(),
+                user: "user".into(),
                 select_priv: false,
                 insert_priv: false,
                 update_priv: false,

src/core/protocol/request_response.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::{
+    collections::BTreeSet,
+    fmt::{Display, Formatter},
+    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
+    str::FromStr,
+};
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use tokio::net::UnixStream;
@@ -31,21 +36,107 @@ pub fn create_client_to_server_message_stream(socket: UnixStream) -> ClientToSer
     tokio_serde::Framed::new(length_delimited, Bincode::default())
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct MySQLUser(String);
+
+impl FromStr for MySQLUser {
+    type Err = String;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        Ok(MySQLUser(s.to_string()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for MySQLUser {
+    type Target = String;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl DerefMut for MySQLUser {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        &mut self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for MySQLUser {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&str> for MySQLUser {
+    fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
+        MySQLUser(s.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<String> for MySQLUser {
+    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
+        MySQLUser(s)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct MySQLDatabase(String);
+
+impl FromStr for MySQLDatabase {
+    type Err = String;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        Ok(MySQLDatabase(s.to_string()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for MySQLDatabase {
+    type Target = String;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl DerefMut for MySQLDatabase {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        &mut self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for MySQLDatabase {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&str> for MySQLDatabase {
+    fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
+        MySQLDatabase(s.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<String> for MySQLDatabase {
+    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
+        MySQLDatabase(s)
+    }
+}
+
 #[non_exhaustive]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum Request {
-    CreateDatabases(Vec<String>),
+    CreateDatabases(Vec<MySQLDatabase>),
-    DropDatabases(Vec<String>),
+    DropDatabases(Vec<MySQLDatabase>),
-    ListDatabases(Option<Vec<String>>),
+    ListDatabases(Option<Vec<MySQLDatabase>>),
-    ListPrivileges(Option<Vec<String>>),
+    ListPrivileges(Option<Vec<MySQLDatabase>>),
     ModifyPrivileges(BTreeSet<DatabasePrivilegesDiff>),
 
-    CreateUsers(Vec<String>),
+    CreateUsers(Vec<MySQLUser>),
-    DropUsers(Vec<String>),
+    DropUsers(Vec<MySQLUser>),
-    PasswdUser(String, String),
+    PasswdUser(MySQLUser, String),
-    ListUsers(Option<Vec<String>>),
+    ListUsers(Option<Vec<MySQLUser>>),
-    LockUsers(Vec<String>),
+    LockUsers(Vec<MySQLUser>),
-    UnlockUsers(Vec<String>),
+    UnlockUsers(Vec<MySQLUser>),
 
     // Commit,
     Exit,

src/core/protocol/server_responses.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use indoc::indoc;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::json;
 
 use crate::{
     core::{common::UnixUser, database_privileges::DatabasePrivilegeRowDiff},
@@ -12,6 +13,8 @@ use crate::{
     },
 };
 
+use super::{MySQLDatabase, MySQLUser};
+
 /// This enum is used to differentiate between database and user operations.
 /// Their output are very similar, but there are slight differences in the words used.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -21,17 +24,17 @@ pub enum DbOrUser {
 }
 
 impl DbOrUser {
-    pub fn lowercased(&self) -> String {
+    pub fn lowercased(&self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
-            DbOrUser::Database => "database".to_string(),
+            DbOrUser::Database => "database",
-            DbOrUser::User => "user".to_string(),
+            DbOrUser::User => "user",
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn capitalized(&self) -> String {
+    pub fn capitalized(&self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
-            DbOrUser::Database => "Database".to_string(),
+            DbOrUser::Database => "Database",
-            DbOrUser::User => "User".to_string(),
+            DbOrUser::User => "User",
         }
     }
 }
@@ -72,6 +75,11 @@ impl OwnerValidationError {
     pub fn to_error_message(self, name: &str, db_or_user: DbOrUser) -> String {
         let user = UnixUser::from_enviroment();
 
+        let UnixUser { username, groups } = user.unwrap_or(UnixUser {
+            username: "???".to_string(),
+            groups: vec![],
+        });
+
         match self {
             OwnerValidationError::NoMatch => format!(
                 indoc! {r#"
@@ -87,11 +95,8 @@ impl OwnerValidationError {
                 name,
                 db_or_user.lowercased(),
                 db_or_user.lowercased(),
-                user.as_ref()
+                username,
-                    .map(|u| u.username.clone())
+                groups
-                    .unwrap_or("???".to_string()),
-                user.map(|u| u.groups)
-                    .unwrap_or_default()
                     .iter()
                     .map(|g| format!("  - {}", g))
                     .sorted()
@@ -117,7 +122,7 @@ pub enum OwnerValidationError {
     StringEmpty,
 }
 
-pub type CreateDatabasesOutput = BTreeMap<String, Result<(), CreateDatabaseError>>;
+pub type CreateDatabasesOutput = BTreeMap<MySQLDatabase, Result<(), CreateDatabaseError>>;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum CreateDatabaseError {
     SanitizationError(NameValidationError),
@@ -141,8 +146,29 @@ pub fn print_create_databases_output_status(output: &CreateDatabasesOutput) {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn print_create_databases_output_status_json(output: &CreateDatabasesOutput) {
+    let value = output
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(name, result)| match result {
+            Ok(()) => (name.to_string(), json!({ "status": "success" })),
+            Err(err) => (
+                name.to_string(),
+                json!({
+                  "status": "error",
+                  "error": err.to_error_message(name),
+                }),
+            ),
+        })
+        .collect::<serde_json::Map<_, _>>();
+    println!(
+        "{}",
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&value)
+            .unwrap_or("Failed to serialize result to JSON".to_string())
+    );
+}
+
 impl CreateDatabaseError {
-    pub fn to_error_message(&self, database_name: &str) -> String {
+    pub fn to_error_message(&self, database_name: &MySQLDatabase) -> String {
         match self {
             CreateDatabaseError::SanitizationError(err) => {
                 err.to_error_message(database_name, DbOrUser::Database)
@@ -160,7 +186,7 @@ impl CreateDatabaseError {
     }
 }
 
-pub type DropDatabasesOutput = BTreeMap<String, Result<(), DropDatabaseError>>;
+pub type DropDatabasesOutput = BTreeMap<MySQLDatabase, Result<(), DropDatabaseError>>;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum DropDatabaseError {
     SanitizationError(NameValidationError),
@@ -173,7 +199,10 @@ pub fn print_drop_databases_output_status(output: &DropDatabasesOutput) {
     for (database_name, result) in output {
         match result {
             Ok(()) => {
-                println!("Database '{}' dropped successfully.", database_name);
+                println!(
+                    "Database '{}' dropped successfully.",
+                    database_name.as_str()
+                );
             }
             Err(err) => {
                 println!("{}", err.to_error_message(database_name));
@@ -184,8 +213,29 @@ pub fn print_drop_databases_output_status(output: &DropDatabasesOutput) {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn print_drop_databases_output_status_json(output: &DropDatabasesOutput) {
+    let value = output
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(name, result)| match result {
+            Ok(()) => (name.to_string(), json!({ "status": "success" })),
+            Err(err) => (
+                name.to_string(),
+                json!({
+                  "status": "error",
+                  "error": err.to_error_message(name),
+                }),
+            ),
+        })
+        .collect::<serde_json::Map<_, _>>();
+    println!(
+        "{}",
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&value)
+            .unwrap_or("Failed to serialize result to JSON".to_string())
+    );
+}
+
 impl DropDatabaseError {
-    pub fn to_error_message(&self, database_name: &str) -> String {
+    pub fn to_error_message(&self, database_name: &MySQLDatabase) -> String {
         match self {
             DropDatabaseError::SanitizationError(err) => {
                 err.to_error_message(database_name, DbOrUser::Database)
@@ -203,7 +253,7 @@ impl DropDatabaseError {
     }
 }
 
-pub type ListDatabasesOutput = BTreeMap<String, Result<DatabaseRow, ListDatabasesError>>;
+pub type ListDatabasesOutput = BTreeMap<MySQLDatabase, Result<DatabaseRow, ListDatabasesError>>;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ListDatabasesError {
     SanitizationError(NameValidationError),
@@ -213,7 +263,7 @@ pub enum ListDatabasesError {
 }
 
 impl ListDatabasesError {
-    pub fn to_error_message(&self, database_name: &str) -> String {
+    pub fn to_error_message(&self, database_name: &MySQLDatabase) -> String {
         match self {
             ListDatabasesError::SanitizationError(err) => {
                 err.to_error_message(database_name, DbOrUser::Database)
@@ -250,7 +300,7 @@ impl ListAllDatabasesError {
 //       no need to index by database name.
 
 pub type GetDatabasesPrivilegeData =
-    BTreeMap<String, Result<Vec<DatabasePrivilegeRow>, GetDatabasesPrivilegeDataError>>;
+    BTreeMap<MySQLDatabase, Result<Vec<DatabasePrivilegeRow>, GetDatabasesPrivilegeDataError>>;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum GetDatabasesPrivilegeDataError {
     SanitizationError(NameValidationError),
@@ -260,7 +310,7 @@ pub enum GetDatabasesPrivilegeDataError {
 }
 
 impl GetDatabasesPrivilegeDataError {
-    pub fn to_error_message(&self, database_name: &str) -> String {
+    pub fn to_error_message(&self, database_name: &MySQLDatabase) -> String {
         match self {
             GetDatabasesPrivilegeDataError::SanitizationError(err) => {
                 err.to_error_message(database_name, DbOrUser::Database)
@@ -294,7 +344,7 @@ impl GetAllDatabasesPrivilegeDataError {
 }
 
 pub type ModifyDatabasePrivilegesOutput =
-    BTreeMap<(String, String), Result<(), ModifyDatabasePrivilegesError>>;
+    BTreeMap<(MySQLDatabase, MySQLUser), Result<(), ModifyDatabasePrivilegesError>>;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ModifyDatabasePrivilegesError {
     DatabaseSanitizationError(NameValidationError),
@@ -309,8 +359,8 @@ pub enum ModifyDatabasePrivilegesError {
 #[allow(clippy::enum_variant_names)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum DiffDoesNotApplyError {
-    RowAlreadyExists(String, String),
+    RowAlreadyExists(MySQLDatabase, MySQLUser),
-    RowDoesNotExist(String, String),
+    RowDoesNotExist(MySQLDatabase, MySQLUser),
     RowPrivilegeChangeDoesNotApply(DatabasePrivilegeRowDiff, DatabasePrivilegeRow),
 }
 
@@ -333,7 +383,7 @@ pub fn print_modify_database_privileges_output_status(output: &ModifyDatabasePri
 }
 
 impl ModifyDatabasePrivilegesError {
-    pub fn to_error_message(&self, database_name: &str, username: &str) -> String {
+    pub fn to_error_message(&self, database_name: &MySQLDatabase, username: &MySQLUser) -> String {
         match self {
             ModifyDatabasePrivilegesError::DatabaseSanitizationError(err) => {
                 err.to_error_message(database_name, DbOrUser::Database)
@@ -388,7 +438,7 @@ impl DiffDoesNotApplyError {
     }
 }
 
-pub type CreateUsersOutput = BTreeMap<String, Result<(), CreateUserError>>;
+pub type CreateUsersOutput = BTreeMap<MySQLUser, Result<(), CreateUserError>>;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum CreateUserError {
     SanitizationError(NameValidationError),
@@ -412,8 +462,29 @@ pub fn print_create_users_output_status(output: &CreateUsersOutput) {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn print_create_users_output_status_json(output: &CreateUsersOutput) {
+    let value = output
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(name, result)| match result {
+            Ok(()) => (name.to_string(), json!({ "status": "success" })),
+            Err(err) => (
+                name.to_string(),
+                json!({
+                  "status": "error",
+                  "error": err.to_error_message(name),
+                }),
+            ),
+        })
+        .collect::<serde_json::Map<_, _>>();
+    println!(
+        "{}",
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&value)
+            .unwrap_or("Failed to serialize result to JSON".to_string())
+    );
+}
+
 impl CreateUserError {
-    pub fn to_error_message(&self, username: &str) -> String {
+    pub fn to_error_message(&self, username: &MySQLUser) -> String {
         match self {
             CreateUserError::SanitizationError(err) => {
                 err.to_error_message(username, DbOrUser::User)
@@ -429,7 +500,7 @@ impl CreateUserError {
     }
 }
 
-pub type DropUsersOutput = BTreeMap<String, Result<(), DropUserError>>;
+pub type DropUsersOutput = BTreeMap<MySQLUser, Result<(), DropUserError>>;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum DropUserError {
     SanitizationError(NameValidationError),
@@ -453,8 +524,29 @@ pub fn print_drop_users_output_status(output: &DropUsersOutput) {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn print_drop_users_output_status_json(output: &DropUsersOutput) {
+    let value = output
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(name, result)| match result {
+            Ok(()) => (name.to_string(), json!({ "status": "success" })),
+            Err(err) => (
+                name.to_string(),
+                json!({
+                  "status": "error",
+                  "error": err.to_error_message(name),
+                }),
+            ),
+        })
+        .collect::<serde_json::Map<_, _>>();
+    println!(
+        "{}",
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&value)
+            .unwrap_or("Failed to serialize result to JSON".to_string())
+    );
+}
+
 impl DropUserError {
-    pub fn to_error_message(&self, username: &str) -> String {
+    pub fn to_error_message(&self, username: &MySQLUser) -> String {
         match self {
             DropUserError::SanitizationError(err) => err.to_error_message(username, DbOrUser::User),
             DropUserError::OwnershipError(err) => err.to_error_message(username, DbOrUser::User),
@@ -477,7 +569,7 @@ pub enum SetPasswordError {
     MySqlError(String),
 }
 
-pub fn print_set_password_output_status(output: &SetPasswordOutput, username: &str) {
+pub fn print_set_password_output_status(output: &SetPasswordOutput, username: &MySQLUser) {
     match output {
         Ok(()) => {
             println!("Password for user '{}' set successfully.", username);
@@ -490,7 +582,7 @@ pub fn print_set_password_output_status(output: &SetPasswordOutput, username: &s
 }
 
 impl SetPasswordError {
-    pub fn to_error_message(&self, username: &str) -> String {
+    pub fn to_error_message(&self, username: &MySQLUser) -> String {
         match self {
             SetPasswordError::SanitizationError(err) => {
                 err.to_error_message(username, DbOrUser::User)
@@ -506,7 +598,7 @@ impl SetPasswordError {
     }
 }
 
-pub type LockUsersOutput = BTreeMap<String, Result<(), LockUserError>>;
+pub type LockUsersOutput = BTreeMap<MySQLUser, Result<(), LockUserError>>;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum LockUserError {
     SanitizationError(NameValidationError),
@@ -531,8 +623,29 @@ pub fn print_lock_users_output_status(output: &LockUsersOutput) {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn print_lock_users_output_status_json(output: &LockUsersOutput) {
+    let value = output
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(name, result)| match result {
+            Ok(()) => (name.to_string(), json!({ "status": "success" })),
+            Err(err) => (
+                name.to_string(),
+                json!({
+                  "status": "error",
+                  "error": err.to_error_message(name),
+                }),
+            ),
+        })
+        .collect::<serde_json::Map<_, _>>();
+    println!(
+        "{}",
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&value)
+            .unwrap_or("Failed to serialize result to JSON".to_string())
+    );
+}
+
 impl LockUserError {
-    pub fn to_error_message(&self, username: &str) -> String {
+    pub fn to_error_message(&self, username: &MySQLUser) -> String {
         match self {
             LockUserError::SanitizationError(err) => err.to_error_message(username, DbOrUser::User),
             LockUserError::OwnershipError(err) => err.to_error_message(username, DbOrUser::User),
@@ -549,7 +662,7 @@ impl LockUserError {
     }
 }
 
-pub type UnlockUsersOutput = BTreeMap<String, Result<(), UnlockUserError>>;
+pub type UnlockUsersOutput = BTreeMap<MySQLUser, Result<(), UnlockUserError>>;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum UnlockUserError {
     SanitizationError(NameValidationError),
@@ -574,8 +687,29 @@ pub fn print_unlock_users_output_status(output: &UnlockUsersOutput) {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn print_unlock_users_output_status_json(output: &UnlockUsersOutput) {
+    let value = output
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(name, result)| match result {
+            Ok(()) => (name.to_string(), json!({ "status": "success" })),
+            Err(err) => (
+                name.to_string(),
+                json!({
+                  "status": "error",
+                  "error": err.to_error_message(name),
+                }),
+            ),
+        })
+        .collect::<serde_json::Map<_, _>>();
+    println!(
+        "{}",
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&value)
+            .unwrap_or("Failed to serialize result to JSON".to_string())
+    );
+}
+
 impl UnlockUserError {
-    pub fn to_error_message(&self, username: &str) -> String {
+    pub fn to_error_message(&self, username: &MySQLUser) -> String {
         match self {
             UnlockUserError::SanitizationError(err) => {
                 err.to_error_message(username, DbOrUser::User)
@@ -594,7 +728,7 @@ impl UnlockUserError {
     }
 }
 
-pub type ListUsersOutput = BTreeMap<String, Result<DatabaseUser, ListUsersError>>;
+pub type ListUsersOutput = BTreeMap<MySQLUser, Result<DatabaseUser, ListUsersError>>;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ListUsersError {
     SanitizationError(NameValidationError),
@@ -604,7 +738,7 @@ pub enum ListUsersError {
 }
 
 impl ListUsersError {
-    pub fn to_error_message(&self, username: &str) -> String {
+    pub fn to_error_message(&self, username: &MySQLUser) -> String {
         match self {
             ListUsersError::SanitizationError(err) => {
                 err.to_error_message(username, DbOrUser::User)

src/main.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ extern crate prettytable;
 
 use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser, ValueEnum};
 use clap_complete::{generate, Shell};
+use clap_verbosity_flag::Verbosity;
 
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
@@ -62,6 +63,10 @@ struct Args {
     )]
     config: Option<PathBuf>,
 
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    verbose: Verbosity,
+
+    /// Run in TUI mode.
     #[cfg(feature = "tui")]
     #[arg(short, long, alias = "tui", global = true)]
     interactive: bool,
@@ -103,11 +108,6 @@ enum ToplevelCommands {
 //       comments emphasizing the need for caution.
 
 fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    // TODO: find out if there are any security risks of running
-    //       env_logger and clap with elevated privileges.
-
-    env_logger::init();
-
     #[cfg(feature = "mysql-admutils-compatibility")]
     if handle_mysql_admutils_command()?.is_some() {
         return Ok(());
@@ -126,6 +126,10 @@ fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let server_connection =
         bootstrap_server_connection_and_drop_privileges(args.server_socket_path, args.config)?;
 
+    env_logger::Builder::new()
+        .filter_level(args.verbose.log_level_filter())
+        .init();
+
     tokio_run_command(args.command, server_connection)?;
 
     Ok(())
@@ -149,9 +153,10 @@ fn handle_server_command(args: &Args) -> anyhow::Result<Option<()>> {
     match args.command {
         Command::Server(ref command) => {
             tokio_start_server(
-                args.server_socket_path.clone(),
+                args.server_socket_path.to_owned(),
-                args.config.clone(),
+                args.config.to_owned(),
-                command.clone(),
+                args.verbose.to_owned(),
+                command.to_owned(),
             )?;
             Ok(Some(()))
         }
@@ -188,6 +193,7 @@ fn handle_generate_completions_command(args: &Args) -> anyhow::Result<Option<()>
 fn tokio_start_server(
     server_socket_path: Option<PathBuf>,
     config_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+    verbosity: Verbosity,
     args: ServerArgs,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
@@ -195,7 +201,7 @@ fn tokio_start_server(
         .build()
         .unwrap()
         .block_on(async {
-            server::command::handle_command(server_socket_path, config_path, args).await
+            server::command::handle_command(server_socket_path, config_path, verbosity, args).await
         })
 }
 

src/server/command.rs

@@ -3,11 +3,16 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use anyhow::Context;
 use clap::Parser;
+use clap_verbosity_flag::Verbosity;
+use futures::SinkExt;
+use indoc::concatdoc;
+use systemd_journal_logger::JournalLog;
 
 use std::os::unix::net::UnixStream as StdUnixStream;
 use tokio::net::UnixStream as TokioUnixStream;
 
 use crate::core::common::UnixUser;
+use crate::core::protocol::{create_server_to_client_message_stream, Response};
 use crate::server::config::read_config_from_path_with_arg_overrides;
 use crate::server::server_loop::listen_for_incoming_connections;
 use crate::server::{
@@ -22,6 +27,9 @@ pub struct ServerArgs {
 
     #[command(flatten)]
     config_overrides: ServerConfigArgs,
+
+    #[arg(long)]
+    systemd: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug, Clone)]
@@ -33,27 +41,148 @@ pub enum ServerCommand {
     SocketActivate,
 }
 
+const LOG_LEVEL_WARNING: &str = r#"
+===================================================
+== WARNING: LOG LEVEL IS SET TO 'TRACE'!         ==
+== THIS WILL CAUSE THE SERVER TO LOG SQL QUERIES ==
+== THAT MAY CONTAIN SENSITIVE INFORMATION LIKE   ==
+== PASSWORDS AND AUTHENTICATION TOKENS.          ==
+== THIS IS INTENDED FOR DEBUGGING PURPOSES ONLY  ==
+== AND SHOULD *NEVER* BE USED IN PRODUCTION.     ==
+===================================================
+"#;
+
 pub async fn handle_command(
     socket_path: Option<PathBuf>,
     config_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+    verbosity: Verbosity,
     args: ServerArgs,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let mut auto_detected_systemd_mode = false;
+    let systemd_mode = args.systemd || {
+        if let Ok(true) = sd_notify::booted() {
+            auto_detected_systemd_mode = true;
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    };
+    if systemd_mode {
+        JournalLog::new()
+            .context("Failed to initialize journald logging")?
+            .install()
+            .context("Failed to install journald logger")?;
+
+        log::set_max_level(verbosity.log_level_filter());
+
+        if verbosity.log_level_filter() >= log::LevelFilter::Trace {
+            log::warn!("{}", LOG_LEVEL_WARNING.trim());
+        }
+
+        if auto_detected_systemd_mode {
+            log::info!("Running in systemd mode, auto-detected");
+        } else {
+            log::info!("Running in systemd mode");
+        }
+
+        start_watchdog_thread_if_enabled();
+    } else {
+        env_logger::Builder::new()
+            .filter_level(verbosity.log_level_filter())
+            .init();
+
+        log::info!("Running in standalone mode");
+    }
+
     let config = read_config_from_path_with_arg_overrides(config_path, args.config_overrides)?;
 
     match args.subcmd {
         ServerCommand::Listen => listen_for_incoming_connections(socket_path, config).await,
-        ServerCommand::SocketActivate => socket_activate(config).await,
+        ServerCommand::SocketActivate => {
+            if !args.systemd {
+                anyhow::bail!(concat!(
+                    "The `--systemd` flag must be used with the `socket-activate` command.\n",
+                    "This command currently only supports socket activation under systemd."
+                ));
+            }
+
+            socket_activate(config).await
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn start_watchdog_thread_if_enabled() {
+    let mut micro_seconds: u64 = 0;
+    let watchdog_enabled = sd_notify::watchdog_enabled(true, &mut micro_seconds);
+
+    if watchdog_enabled {
+        micro_seconds = micro_seconds.max(2_000_000).div_ceil(2);
+
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            log::debug!(
+                "Starting systemd watchdog thread with {} millisecond interval",
+                micro_seconds.div_ceil(1000)
+            );
+            loop {
+                tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_micros(micro_seconds)).await;
+                if let Err(err) = sd_notify::notify(false, &[sd_notify::NotifyState::Watchdog]) {
+                    log::warn!("Failed to notify systemd watchdog: {}", err);
+                } else {
+                    log::trace!("Ping sent to systemd watchdog");
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    } else {
+        log::debug!("Systemd watchdog not enabled, skipping watchdog thread");
     }
 }
 
 async fn socket_activate(config: ServerConfig) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let conn = get_socket_from_systemd().await?;
-    let uid = conn.peer_cred()?.uid();
+
-    let unix_user = UnixUser::from_uid(uid)?;
+    let uid = match conn.peer_cred() {
+        Ok(cred) => cred.uid(),
+        Err(e) => {
+            log::error!("Failed to get peer credentials from socket: {}", e);
+            let mut message_stream = create_server_to_client_message_stream(conn);
+            message_stream
+                .send(Response::Error(
+                    (concatdoc! {
+                        "Server failed to get peer credentials from socket\n",
+                        "Please check the server logs or contact the system administrators"
+                    })
+                    .to_string(),
+                ))
+                .await
+                .ok();
+            anyhow::bail!("Failed to get peer credentials from socket");
+        }
+    };
+
+    log::debug!("Accepted connection from uid {}", uid);
+
+    let unix_user = match UnixUser::from_uid(uid) {
+        Ok(user) => user,
+        Err(e) => {
+            log::error!("Failed to get username from uid: {}", e);
+            let mut message_stream = create_server_to_client_message_stream(conn);
+            message_stream
+                .send(Response::Error(
+                    (concatdoc! {
+                        "Server failed to get user data from the system\n",
+                        "Please check the server logs or contact the system administrators"
+                    })
+                    .to_string(),
+                ))
+                .await
+                .ok();
+            anyhow::bail!("Failed to get username from uid");
+        }
+    };
 
     log::info!("Accepted connection from {}", unix_user.username);
 
-    sd_notify::notify(true, &[sd_notify::NotifyState::Ready]).ok();
+    sd_notify::notify(false, &[sd_notify::NotifyState::Ready]).ok();
 
     handle_requests_for_single_session(conn, &unix_user, &config).await?;
 
@@ -66,7 +195,12 @@ async fn get_socket_from_systemd() -> anyhow::Result<TokioUnixStream> {
         .next()
         .context("No file descriptors received from systemd")?;
 
-    log::debug!("Received file descriptor from systemd: {}", fd);
+    debug_assert!(fd == 3, "Unexpected file descriptor from systemd: {}", fd);
+
+    log::debug!(
+        "Received file descriptor from systemd with id: '{}', assuming socket",
+        fd
+    );
 
     let std_unix_stream = unsafe { StdUnixStream::from_raw_fd(fd) };
     let socket = TokioUnixStream::from_std(std_unix_stream)?;

src/server/config.rs

@@ -109,22 +109,16 @@ pub fn read_config_from_path_with_arg_overrides(
 pub fn read_config_from_path(config_path: Option<PathBuf>) -> anyhow::Result<ServerConfig> {
     let config_path = config_path.unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from(DEFAULT_CONFIG_PATH));
 
-    log::debug!("Reading config from {:?}", &config_path);
+    log::debug!("Reading config file at {:?}", &config_path);
 
     fs::read_to_string(&config_path)
-        .context(format!(
+        .context(format!("Failed to read config file at {:?}", &config_path))
-            "Failed to read config file from {:?}",
-            &config_path
-        ))
         .and_then(|c| toml::from_str(&c).context("Failed to parse config file"))
-        .context(format!(
+        .context(format!("Failed to parse config file at {:?}", &config_path))
-            "Failed to parse config file from {:?}",
-            &config_path
-        ))
 }
 
 fn log_config(config: &MysqlConfig) {
-    let mut display_config = config.clone();
+    let mut display_config = config.to_owned();
     display_config.password = display_config
         .password
         .as_ref()
@@ -141,7 +135,9 @@ pub async fn create_mysql_connection_from_config(
 ) -> anyhow::Result<MySqlConnection> {
     log_config(config);
 
-    let mut mysql_options = MySqlConnectOptions::new().database("mysql");
+    let mut mysql_options = MySqlConnectOptions::new()
+        .database("mysql")
+        .log_statements(log::LevelFilter::Trace);
 
     if let Some(username) = &config.username {
         mysql_options = mysql_options.username(username);

src/server/input_sanitization.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub fn validate_ownership_by_unix_user(
     name: &str,
     user: &UnixUser,
 ) -> Result<(), OwnerValidationError> {
-    let prefixes = std::iter::once(user.username.clone())
+    let prefixes = std::iter::once(user.username.to_owned())
         .chain(user.groups.iter().cloned())
         .collect::<Vec<String>>();
 

src/server/server_loop.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use tokio::net::{UnixListener, UnixStream};
 use sqlx::prelude::*;
 use sqlx::MySqlConnection;
 
+use crate::core::protocol::SetPasswordError;
 use crate::server::sql::database_operations::list_databases;
 use crate::{
     core::{
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ pub async fn listen_for_incoming_connections(
 
     let listener = UnixListener::bind(socket_path)?;
 
-    sd_notify::notify(true, &[sd_notify::NotifyState::Ready]).ok();
+    sd_notify::notify(false, &[sd_notify::NotifyState::Ready]).ok();
 
     while let Ok((conn, _addr)) = listener.accept().await {
         let uid = match conn.peer_cred() {
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ pub async fn listen_for_incoming_connections(
             }
         };
 
-        log::trace!("Accepted connection from uid {}", uid);
+        log::debug!("Accepted connection from uid {}", uid);
 
         let unix_user = match UnixUser::from_uid(uid) {
             Ok(user) => user,
@@ -173,19 +174,25 @@ pub async fn handle_requests_for_single_session_with_db_connection(
             }
         };
 
-        log::trace!("Received request: {:?}", request);
+        // TODO: don't clone the request
+        let request_to_display = match &request {
+            Request::PasswdUser(db_user, _) => {
+                Request::PasswdUser(db_user.to_owned(), "<REDACTED>".to_string())
+            }
+            request => request.to_owned(),
+        };
+        log::info!("Received request: {:#?}", request_to_display);
 
-        match request {
+        let response = match request {
             Request::CreateDatabases(databases_names) => {
                 let result = create_databases(databases_names, unix_user, db_connection).await;
-                stream.send(Response::CreateDatabases(result)).await?;
+                Response::CreateDatabases(result)
             }
             Request::DropDatabases(databases_names) => {
                 let result = drop_databases(databases_names, unix_user, db_connection).await;
-                stream.send(Response::DropDatabases(result)).await?;
+                Response::DropDatabases(result)
             }
-            Request::ListDatabases(database_names) => {
+            Request::ListDatabases(database_names) => match database_names {
-                let response = match database_names {
                 Some(database_names) => {
                     let result = list_databases(database_names, unix_user, db_connection).await;
                     Response::ListDatabases(result)
@@ -194,11 +201,8 @@ pub async fn handle_requests_for_single_session_with_db_connection(
                     let result = list_all_databases_for_user(unix_user, db_connection).await;
                     Response::ListAllDatabases(result)
                 }
-                };
+            },
-                stream.send(response).await?;
+            Request::ListPrivileges(database_names) => match database_names {
-            }
-            Request::ListPrivileges(database_names) => {
-                let response = match database_names {
                 Some(database_names) => {
                     let privilege_data =
                         get_databases_privilege_data(database_names, unix_user, db_connection)
@@ -210,10 +214,7 @@ pub async fn handle_requests_for_single_session_with_db_connection(
                         get_all_database_privileges(unix_user, db_connection).await;
                     Response::ListAllPrivileges(privilege_data)
                 }
-                };
+            },
-
-                stream.send(response).await?;
-            }
             Request::ModifyPrivileges(database_privilege_diffs) => {
                 let result = apply_privilege_diffs(
                     BTreeSet::from_iter(database_privilege_diffs),
@@ -221,24 +222,23 @@ pub async fn handle_requests_for_single_session_with_db_connection(
                     db_connection,
                 )
                 .await;
-                stream.send(Response::ModifyPrivileges(result)).await?;
+                Response::ModifyPrivileges(result)
             }
             Request::CreateUsers(db_users) => {
                 let result = create_database_users(db_users, unix_user, db_connection).await;
-                stream.send(Response::CreateUsers(result)).await?;
+                Response::CreateUsers(result)
             }
             Request::DropUsers(db_users) => {
                 let result = drop_database_users(db_users, unix_user, db_connection).await;
-                stream.send(Response::DropUsers(result)).await?;
+                Response::DropUsers(result)
             }
             Request::PasswdUser(db_user, password) => {
                 let result =
                     set_password_for_database_user(&db_user, &password, unix_user, db_connection)
                         .await;
-                stream.send(Response::PasswdUser(result)).await?;
+                Response::PasswdUser(result)
             }
-            Request::ListUsers(db_users) => {
+            Request::ListUsers(db_users) => match db_users {
-                let response = match db_users {
                 Some(db_users) => {
                     let result = list_database_users(db_users, unix_user, db_connection).await;
                     Response::ListUsers(result)
@@ -248,23 +248,32 @@ pub async fn handle_requests_for_single_session_with_db_connection(
                         list_all_database_users_for_unix_user(unix_user, db_connection).await;
                     Response::ListAllUsers(result)
                 }
-                };
+            },
-                stream.send(response).await?;
-            }
             Request::LockUsers(db_users) => {
                 let result = lock_database_users(db_users, unix_user, db_connection).await;
-                stream.send(Response::LockUsers(result)).await?;
+                Response::LockUsers(result)
             }
             Request::UnlockUsers(db_users) => {
                 let result = unlock_database_users(db_users, unix_user, db_connection).await;
-                stream.send(Response::UnlockUsers(result)).await?;
+                Response::UnlockUsers(result)
             }
             Request::Exit => {
                 break;
             }
-        }
+        };
 
+        // TODO: don't clone the response
+        let response_to_display = match &response {
+            Response::PasswdUser(Err(SetPasswordError::MySqlError(_))) => {
+                Response::PasswdUser(Err(SetPasswordError::MySqlError("<REDACTED>".to_string())))
+            }
+            response => response.to_owned(),
+        };
+        log::info!("Response: {:#?}", response_to_display);
+
+        stream.send(response).await?;
         stream.flush().await?;
+        log::debug!("Successfully processed request");
     }
 
     Ok(())

src/server/sql/database_operations.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use sqlx::MySqlConnection;
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
+use crate::core::protocol::MySQLDatabase;
 use crate::{
     core::{
         common::UnixUser,
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ pub(super) async fn unsafe_database_exists(
 }
 
 pub async fn create_databases(
-    database_names: Vec<String>,
+    database_names: Vec<MySQLDatabase>,
     unix_user: &UnixUser,
     connection: &mut MySqlConnection,
 ) -> CreateDatabasesOutput {
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ pub async fn create_databases(
     for database_name in database_names {
         if let Err(err) = validate_name(&database_name) {
             results.insert(
-                database_name.clone(),
+                database_name.to_owned(),
                 Err(CreateDatabaseError::SanitizationError(err)),
             );
             continue;
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ pub async fn create_databases(
 
         if let Err(err) = validate_ownership_by_unix_user(&database_name, unix_user) {
             results.insert(
-                database_name.clone(),
+                database_name.to_owned(),
                 Err(CreateDatabaseError::OwnershipError(err)),
             );
             continue;
@@ -68,14 +69,14 @@ pub async fn create_databases(
         match unsafe_database_exists(&database_name, &mut *connection).await {
             Ok(true) => {
                 results.insert(
-                    database_name.clone(),
+                    database_name.to_owned(),
                     Err(CreateDatabaseError::DatabaseAlreadyExists),
                 );
                 continue;
             }
             Err(err) => {
                 results.insert(
-                    database_name.clone(),
+                    database_name.to_owned(),
                     Err(CreateDatabaseError::MySqlError(err.to_string())),
                 );
                 continue;
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ pub async fn create_databases(
 }
 
 pub async fn drop_databases(
-    database_names: Vec<String>,
+    database_names: Vec<MySQLDatabase>,
     unix_user: &UnixUser,
     connection: &mut MySqlConnection,
 ) -> DropDatabasesOutput {
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ pub async fn drop_databases(
     for database_name in database_names {
         if let Err(err) = validate_name(&database_name) {
             results.insert(
-                database_name.clone(),
+                database_name.to_owned(),
                 Err(DropDatabaseError::SanitizationError(err)),
             );
             continue;
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ pub async fn drop_databases(
 
         if let Err(err) = validate_ownership_by_unix_user(&database_name, unix_user) {
             results.insert(
-                database_name.clone(),
+                database_name.to_owned(),
                 Err(DropDatabaseError::OwnershipError(err)),
             );
             continue;
@@ -127,14 +128,14 @@ pub async fn drop_databases(
         match unsafe_database_exists(&database_name, &mut *connection).await {
             Ok(false) => {
                 results.insert(
-                    database_name.clone(),
+                    database_name.to_owned(),
                     Err(DropDatabaseError::DatabaseDoesNotExist),
                 );
                 continue;
             }
             Err(err) => {
                 results.insert(
-                    database_name.clone(),
+                    database_name.to_owned(),
                     Err(DropDatabaseError::MySqlError(err.to_string())),
                 );
                 continue;
@@ -159,13 +160,21 @@ pub async fn drop_databases(
     results
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, FromRow)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct DatabaseRow {
-    pub database: String,
+    pub database: MySQLDatabase,
+}
+
+impl FromRow<'_, sqlx::mysql::MySqlRow> for DatabaseRow {
+    fn from_row(row: &sqlx::mysql::MySqlRow) -> Result<Self, sqlx::Error> {
+        Ok(DatabaseRow {
+            database: row.try_get::<String, _>("database")?.into(),
+        })
+    }
 }
 
 pub async fn list_databases(
-    database_names: Vec<String>,
+    database_names: Vec<MySQLDatabase>,
     unix_user: &UnixUser,
     connection: &mut MySqlConnection,
 ) -> ListDatabasesOutput {
@@ -174,7 +183,7 @@ pub async fn list_databases(
     for database_name in database_names {
         if let Err(err) = validate_name(&database_name) {
             results.insert(
-                database_name.clone(),
+                database_name.to_owned(),
                 Err(ListDatabasesError::SanitizationError(err)),
             );
             continue;
@@ -182,7 +191,7 @@ pub async fn list_databases(
 
         if let Err(err) = validate_ownership_by_unix_user(&database_name, unix_user) {
             results.insert(
-                database_name.clone(),
+                database_name.to_owned(),
                 Err(ListDatabasesError::OwnershipError(err)),
             );
             continue;
@@ -195,7 +204,7 @@ pub async fn list_databases(
           WHERE `SCHEMA_NAME` = ?
         "#,
         )
-        .bind(&database_name)
+        .bind(database_name.to_string())
         .fetch_optional(&mut *connection)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| ListDatabasesError::MySqlError(err.to_string()))

src/server/sql/database_privilege_operations.rs

@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ use crate::{
         protocol::{
             DiffDoesNotApplyError, GetAllDatabasesPrivilegeData, GetAllDatabasesPrivilegeDataError,
             GetDatabasesPrivilegeData, GetDatabasesPrivilegeDataError,
-            ModifyDatabasePrivilegesError, ModifyDatabasePrivilegesOutput,
+            ModifyDatabasePrivilegesError, ModifyDatabasePrivilegesOutput, MySQLDatabase,
+            MySQLUser,
         },
     },
     server::{
@@ -63,8 +64,8 @@ pub const DATABASE_PRIVILEGE_FIELDS: [&str; 13] = [
 /// This struct represents the set of privileges for a single user on a single database.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct DatabasePrivilegeRow {
-    pub db: String,
+    pub db: MySQLDatabase,
-    pub user: String,
+    pub user: MySQLUser,
     pub select_priv: bool,
     pub insert_priv: bool,
     pub update_priv: bool,
@@ -115,8 +116,8 @@ fn get_mysql_row_priv_field(row: &MySqlRow, position: usize) -> Result<bool, sql
 impl FromRow<'_, MySqlRow> for DatabasePrivilegeRow {
     fn from_row(row: &MySqlRow) -> Result<Self, sqlx::Error> {
         Ok(Self {
-            db: try_get_with_binary_fallback(row, "Db")?,
+            db: try_get_with_binary_fallback(row, "Db")?.into(),
-            user: try_get_with_binary_fallback(row, "User")?,
+            user: try_get_with_binary_fallback(row, "User")?.into(),
             select_priv: get_mysql_row_priv_field(row, 2)?,
             insert_priv: get_mysql_row_priv_field(row, 3)?,
             update_priv: get_mysql_row_priv_field(row, 4)?,
@@ -163,8 +164,8 @@ async fn unsafe_get_database_privileges(
 // NOTE: this function is unsafe because it does no input validation.
 /// Get all users + privileges for a single database-user pair.
 pub async fn unsafe_get_database_privileges_for_db_user_pair(
-    database_name: &str,
+    database_name: &MySQLDatabase,
-    user_name: &str,
+    user_name: &MySQLUser,
     connection: &mut MySqlConnection,
 ) -> Result<Option<DatabasePrivilegeRow>, sqlx::Error> {
     let result = sqlx::query_as::<_, DatabasePrivilegeRow>(&format!(
@@ -174,8 +175,8 @@ pub async fn unsafe_get_database_privileges_for_db_user_pair(
             .map(|field| quote_identifier(field))
             .join(","),
     ))
-    .bind(database_name)
+    .bind(database_name.as_str())
-    .bind(user_name)
+    .bind(user_name.as_str())
     .fetch_optional(connection)
     .await;
 
@@ -192,7 +193,7 @@ pub async fn unsafe_get_database_privileges_for_db_user_pair(
 }
 
 pub async fn get_databases_privilege_data(
-    database_names: Vec<String>,
+    database_names: Vec<MySQLDatabase>,
     unix_user: &UnixUser,
     connection: &mut MySqlConnection,
 ) -> GetDatabasesPrivilegeData {
@@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ pub async fn get_databases_privilege_data(
     for database_name in database_names.iter() {
         if let Err(err) = validate_name(database_name) {
             results.insert(
-                database_name.clone(),
+                database_name.to_owned(),
                 Err(GetDatabasesPrivilegeDataError::SanitizationError(err)),
             );
             continue;
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ pub async fn get_databases_privilege_data(
 
         if let Err(err) = validate_ownership_by_unix_user(database_name, unix_user) {
             results.insert(
-                database_name.clone(),
+                database_name.to_owned(),
                 Err(GetDatabasesPrivilegeDataError::OwnershipError(err)),
             );
             continue;
@@ -220,7 +221,7 @@ pub async fn get_databases_privilege_data(
             .unwrap()
         {
             results.insert(
-                database_name.clone(),
+                database_name.to_owned(),
                 Err(GetDatabasesPrivilegeDataError::DatabaseDoesNotExist),
             );
             continue;
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@ pub async fn get_databases_privilege_data(
             .await
             .map_err(|e| GetDatabasesPrivilegeDataError::MySqlError(e.to_string()));
 
-        results.insert(database_name.clone(), result);
+        results.insert(database_name.to_owned(), result);
     }
 
     debug_assert!(database_names.len() == results.len());
@@ -364,8 +365,8 @@ async fn validate_diff(
             if privilege_row.is_some() {
                 Err(ModifyDatabasePrivilegesError::DiffDoesNotApply(
                     DiffDoesNotApplyError::RowAlreadyExists(
-                        diff.get_user_name().to_string(),
+                        diff.get_database_name().to_owned(),
-                        diff.get_database_name().to_string(),
+                        diff.get_user_name().to_owned(),
                     ),
                 ))
             } else {
@@ -375,8 +376,8 @@ async fn validate_diff(
         DatabasePrivilegesDiff::Modified(_) if privilege_row.is_none() => {
             Err(ModifyDatabasePrivilegesError::DiffDoesNotApply(
                 DiffDoesNotApplyError::RowDoesNotExist(
-                    diff.get_user_name().to_string(),
+                    diff.get_database_name().to_owned(),
-                    diff.get_database_name().to_string(),
+                    diff.get_user_name().to_owned(),
                 ),
             ))
         }
@@ -390,7 +391,7 @@ async fn validate_diff(
 
             if error_exists {
                 Err(ModifyDatabasePrivilegesError::DiffDoesNotApply(
-                    DiffDoesNotApplyError::RowPrivilegeChangeDoesNotApply(row_diff.clone(), row),
+                    DiffDoesNotApplyError::RowPrivilegeChangeDoesNotApply(row_diff.to_owned(), row),
                 ))
             } else {
                 Ok(())
@@ -400,8 +401,8 @@ async fn validate_diff(
             if privilege_row.is_none() {
                 Err(ModifyDatabasePrivilegesError::DiffDoesNotApply(
                     DiffDoesNotApplyError::RowDoesNotExist(
-                        diff.get_user_name().to_string(),
+                        diff.get_database_name().to_owned(),
-                        diff.get_database_name().to_string(),
+                        diff.get_user_name().to_owned(),
                     ),
                 ))
             } else {
@@ -419,12 +420,12 @@ pub async fn apply_privilege_diffs(
     unix_user: &UnixUser,
     connection: &mut MySqlConnection,
 ) -> ModifyDatabasePrivilegesOutput {
-    let mut results: BTreeMap<(String, String), _> = BTreeMap::new();
+    let mut results: BTreeMap<(MySQLDatabase, MySQLUser), _> = BTreeMap::new();
 
     for diff in database_privilege_diffs {
         let key = (
-            diff.get_database_name().to_string(),
+            diff.get_database_name().to_owned(),
-            diff.get_user_name().to_string(),
+            diff.get_user_name().to_owned(),
         );
         if let Err(err) = validate_name(diff.get_database_name()) {
             results.insert(

src/server/sql/user_operations.rs

@@ -7,18 +7,17 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use sqlx::prelude::*;
 use sqlx::MySqlConnection;
 
-use crate::server::common::try_get_with_binary_fallback;
 use crate::{
     core::{
         common::UnixUser,
         protocol::{
             CreateUserError, CreateUsersOutput, DropUserError, DropUsersOutput, ListAllUsersError,
             ListAllUsersOutput, ListUsersError, ListUsersOutput, LockUserError, LockUsersOutput,
-            SetPasswordError, SetPasswordOutput, UnlockUserError, UnlockUsersOutput,
+            MySQLUser, SetPasswordError, SetPasswordOutput, UnlockUserError, UnlockUsersOutput,
         },
     },
     server::{
-        common::create_user_group_matching_regex,
+        common::{create_user_group_matching_regex, try_get_with_binary_fallback},
         input_sanitization::{quote_literal, validate_name, validate_ownership_by_unix_user},
     },
 };
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ async fn unsafe_user_exists(
 }
 
 pub async fn create_database_users(
-    db_users: Vec<String>,
+    db_users: Vec<MySQLUser>,
     unix_user: &UnixUser,
     connection: &mut MySqlConnection,
 ) -> CreateUsersOutput {
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ pub async fn create_database_users(
 }
 
 pub async fn drop_database_users(
-    db_users: Vec<String>,
+    db_users: Vec<MySQLUser>,
     unix_user: &UnixUser,
     connection: &mut MySqlConnection,
 ) -> DropUsersOutput {
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ pub async fn drop_database_users(
 }
 
 pub async fn set_password_for_database_user(
-    db_user: &str,
+    db_user: &MySQLUser,
     password: &str,
     unix_user: &UnixUser,
     connection: &mut MySqlConnection,
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ pub async fn set_password_for_database_user(
         format!(
             "ALTER USER {}@'%' IDENTIFIED BY {}",
             quote_literal(db_user),
-            quote_literal(password).as_str()
+            quote_literal(password).as_str(),
         )
         .as_str(),
     )
@@ -176,11 +175,10 @@ pub async fn set_password_for_database_user(
     .map(|_| ())
     .map_err(|err| SetPasswordError::MySqlError(err.to_string()));
 
-    if let Err(err) = &result {
+    if result.is_err() {
         log::error!(
-            "Failed to set password for database user '{}': {:?}",
+            "Failed to set password for database user '{}': <REDACTED>",
             &db_user,
-            err
         );
     }
 
@@ -220,7 +218,7 @@ async fn database_user_is_locked_unsafe(
 }
 
 pub async fn lock_database_users(
-    db_users: Vec<String>,
+    db_users: Vec<MySQLUser>,
     unix_user: &UnixUser,
     connection: &mut MySqlConnection,
 ) -> LockUsersOutput {
@@ -280,7 +278,7 @@ pub async fn lock_database_users(
 }
 
 pub async fn unlock_database_users(
-    db_users: Vec<String>,
+    db_users: Vec<MySQLUser>,
     unix_user: &UnixUser,
     connection: &mut MySqlConnection,
 ) -> UnlockUsersOutput {
@@ -343,7 +341,7 @@ pub async fn unlock_database_users(
 /// This can be extended if we need more information in the future.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct DatabaseUser {
-    pub user: String,
+    pub user: MySQLUser,
     #[serde(skip)]
     pub host: String,
     pub has_password: bool,
@@ -354,7 +352,7 @@ pub struct DatabaseUser {
 impl FromRow<'_, sqlx::mysql::MySqlRow> for DatabaseUser {
     fn from_row(row: &sqlx::mysql::MySqlRow) -> Result<Self, sqlx::Error> {
         Ok(Self {
-            user: try_get_with_binary_fallback(row, "User")?,
+            user: try_get_with_binary_fallback(row, "User")?.into(),
             host: try_get_with_binary_fallback(row, "Host")?,
             has_password: row.try_get("has_password")?,
             is_locked: row.try_get("is_locked")?,
@@ -379,7 +377,7 @@ JOIN `global_priv` ON
 "#;
 
 pub async fn list_database_users(
-    db_users: Vec<String>,
+    db_users: Vec<MySQLUser>,
     unix_user: &UnixUser,
     connection: &mut MySqlConnection,
 ) -> ListUsersOutput {
@@ -399,7 +397,7 @@ pub async fn list_database_users(
         let mut result = sqlx::query_as::<_, DatabaseUser>(
             &(DB_USER_SELECT_STATEMENT.to_string() + "WHERE `mysql`.`user`.`User` = ?"),
         )
-        .bind(&db_user)
+        .bind(db_user.as_str())
         .fetch_optional(&mut *connection)
         .await;
 
@@ -464,7 +462,7 @@ pub async fn append_databases_where_user_has_privileges(
         )
         .as_str(),
     )
-    .bind(db_user.user.clone())
+    .bind(db_user.user.as_str())
     .fetch_all(&mut *connection)
     .await;