diff --git a/exercise10/main.typ b/exercise10/main.typ index aba25d4..b034b53 100644 --- a/exercise10/main.typ +++ b/exercise10/main.typ @@ -39,3 +39,5 @@ this document was created using #include "problem2.typ" #include "problem3.typ" + +#include "problem4.typ" diff --git a/exercise10/problem4.typ b/exercise10/problem4.typ new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5440e3a --- /dev/null +++ b/exercise10/problem4.typ @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +#import "@preview/physica:0.9.6": * +#import "lib.typ": ccases + += problem 4 + +== a) + +$ + f(x) = cases( + -pi - x quad & "if" -pi < x < -pi/2, + x quad & "if" -pi/2 < x < pi/2, + pi - x quad & "if" pi/2 < x <= pi + ) +$ + +$f(x)$ is odd, so $a_0 = a_n = 0$. + +$ + b_n & = 2/pi integral_0^pi f(x) sin(n x) dd(x) \ + & = 2/pi [integral_0^(pi/2) x sin(n x) dd(x) + + integral_(pi/2)^pi (pi - x) sin(n x) dd(x)] +$ + +$ + integral_0^(pi/2) x sin(n x) dd(x) + & = [-x/n cos(n x) + 1/n^2 sin(n x)]_0^(pi/2)\ + & = -pi/(2n) cos(n pi/2) + 1/n^2 sin(n pi/2) +$ + +$ + integral_(pi/2)^pi (pi - x) sin(n x) dd(x) + & = (-1)^n integral_0^(pi/2) u sin(n u) dd(u)\ + & = (-1)^n [-pi/(2n) cos(n pi/2) + 1/n^2 sin(n pi/2)] +$ + +thus +$ + b_n = 2/pi (1 + (-1)^n)[-pi/(2n) cos(n pi/2) + 1/n^2 sin(n pi/2)] +$ + +for even $n$: $cos(n pi/2) in {-1,0,1}$ and $sin(n pi/2) = 0$, so $b_n = 0$ + +for odd $n$: $cos(n pi/2) = 0$ and $sin(n pi/2) = (-1)^((n-1)/2)$ +$ + b_n = 4/(pi n^2) sin(n pi/2) +$ + +for $n = 2k+1$: +$ + b_(2k+1) = 4/(pi(2k+1)^2) (-1)^k +$ + +applying parseval's identity: +$ + 1/pi integral_(-pi)^pi f^2(x) dd(x) = sum_(n=1)^oo b_n^2 +$ + +$ + 2/pi [integral_0^(pi/2) x^2 dd(x) + integral_(pi/2)^pi (pi-x)^2 dd(x)] + = 2/pi [pi^3/24 + pi^3/24] = pi^2/12 +$ + +$ + sum_(k=0)^oo 16/(pi^2(2k+1)^4) = pi^2/12 +$ + +so +$ + sum_(k=0)^oo 1/(2k+1)^4 = pi^4/96 +$ + +== b) + +even extension of $f(x) = x$ on $[0,1]$ is $f(x) = |x|$ with period 2. + +$ + a_0 & = 2 integral_0^1 x dd(x) = 1 \ + a_n & = 4 integral_0^1 x cos(n pi x) dd(x) \ + & = 4[x/(n pi) sin(n pi x) + 1/(n^2 pi^2) cos(n pi x)]_0^1 \ + & = 4/(n^2 pi^2) ((-1)^n - 1) +$ + +$a_n = 0$ for even $n$ + +$a_n = -8/(n^2 pi^2)$ for odd $n$ + +the series is +$ + f(x) = 1/2 - 8/pi^2 sum_(k=0)^oo 1/(2k+1)^2 cos((2k+1) pi x) +$ + +evaluating at $x = 0$ gives $f(0) = 0$: +$ + 0 = 1/2 - 8/pi^2 sum_(k=0)^oo 1/(2k+1)^2 +$ + +therefore +$ + sum_(k=0)^oo 1/(2k+1)^2 = pi^2/16 +$ + +== c) + +odd extension of $f(x) = x$ on $[0,1]$ is $f(x) = x$ with period 2. + +$ + b_n & = 4 integral_0^1 x sin(n pi x) dd(x) \ + & = 4[-x/(n pi) cos(n pi x) + 1/(n^2 pi^2) sin(n pi x)]_0^1 \ + & = -4/(n pi) (-1)^n = 4/(n pi) (-1)^(n+1) +$ + +the can be written as +$ + f(x) = 4/pi sum_(n=1)^oo (-1)^(n+1)/n sin(n pi x) +$ + +evaluating at $x = 1/2$: +$ + 1/2 = 4/pi sum_(n=1)^oo (-1)^(n+1)/n sin(n pi/2) +$ + +since $sin(n pi/2) = 0$ for even $n$ and $sin((2k+1)pi/2) = (-1)^k$ for odd $n$: +$ + 1/2 = 4/pi sum_(k=0)^oo (-1)^(k+1)/(2k+1) (-1)^k = 4/pi sum_(k=0)^oo (-1)^(2k+1)/(2k+1) +$ + +therefore +$ + sum_(k=0)^oo (-1)^k/(2k+1) = pi/4 +$ +