852 lines
33 KiB
Python
852 lines
33 KiB
Python
# sql/dml.py
|
|
# Copyright (C) 2009-2017 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
|
|
# <see AUTHORS file>
|
|
#
|
|
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
|
|
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
|
|
"""
|
|
Provide :class:`.Insert`, :class:`.Update` and :class:`.Delete`.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
from .base import Executable, _generative, _from_objects, DialectKWArgs, \
|
|
ColumnCollection
|
|
from .elements import ClauseElement, _literal_as_text, Null, and_, _clone, \
|
|
_column_as_key
|
|
from .selectable import _interpret_as_from, _interpret_as_select, \
|
|
HasPrefixes, HasCTE
|
|
from .. import util
|
|
from .. import exc
|
|
|
|
|
|
class UpdateBase(
|
|
HasCTE, DialectKWArgs, HasPrefixes, Executable, ClauseElement):
|
|
"""Form the base for ``INSERT``, ``UPDATE``, and ``DELETE`` statements.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
__visit_name__ = 'update_base'
|
|
|
|
_execution_options = \
|
|
Executable._execution_options.union({'autocommit': True})
|
|
_hints = util.immutabledict()
|
|
_parameter_ordering = None
|
|
_prefixes = ()
|
|
named_with_column = False
|
|
|
|
def _process_colparams(self, parameters):
|
|
def process_single(p):
|
|
if isinstance(p, (list, tuple)):
|
|
return dict(
|
|
(c.key, pval)
|
|
for c, pval in zip(self.table.c, p)
|
|
)
|
|
else:
|
|
return p
|
|
|
|
if self._preserve_parameter_order and parameters is not None:
|
|
if not isinstance(parameters, list) or \
|
|
(parameters and not isinstance(parameters[0], tuple)):
|
|
raise ValueError(
|
|
"When preserve_parameter_order is True, "
|
|
"values() only accepts a list of 2-tuples")
|
|
self._parameter_ordering = [key for key, value in parameters]
|
|
|
|
return dict(parameters), False
|
|
|
|
if (isinstance(parameters, (list, tuple)) and parameters and
|
|
isinstance(parameters[0], (list, tuple, dict))):
|
|
|
|
if not self._supports_multi_parameters:
|
|
raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
|
|
"This construct does not support "
|
|
"multiple parameter sets.")
|
|
|
|
return [process_single(p) for p in parameters], True
|
|
else:
|
|
return process_single(parameters), False
|
|
|
|
def params(self, *arg, **kw):
|
|
"""Set the parameters for the statement.
|
|
|
|
This method raises ``NotImplementedError`` on the base class,
|
|
and is overridden by :class:`.ValuesBase` to provide the
|
|
SET/VALUES clause of UPDATE and INSERT.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
raise NotImplementedError(
|
|
"params() is not supported for INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statements."
|
|
" To set the values for an INSERT or UPDATE statement, use"
|
|
" stmt.values(**parameters).")
|
|
|
|
def bind(self):
|
|
"""Return a 'bind' linked to this :class:`.UpdateBase`
|
|
or a :class:`.Table` associated with it.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return self._bind or self.table.bind
|
|
|
|
def _set_bind(self, bind):
|
|
self._bind = bind
|
|
bind = property(bind, _set_bind)
|
|
|
|
@_generative
|
|
def returning(self, *cols):
|
|
r"""Add a :term:`RETURNING` or equivalent clause to this statement.
|
|
|
|
e.g.::
|
|
|
|
stmt = table.update().\
|
|
where(table.c.data == 'value').\
|
|
values(status='X').\
|
|
returning(table.c.server_flag,
|
|
table.c.updated_timestamp)
|
|
|
|
for server_flag, updated_timestamp in connection.execute(stmt):
|
|
print(server_flag, updated_timestamp)
|
|
|
|
The given collection of column expressions should be derived from
|
|
the table that is
|
|
the target of the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE. While :class:`.Column`
|
|
objects are typical, the elements can also be expressions::
|
|
|
|
stmt = table.insert().returning(
|
|
(table.c.first_name + " " + table.c.last_name).
|
|
label('fullname'))
|
|
|
|
Upon compilation, a RETURNING clause, or database equivalent,
|
|
will be rendered within the statement. For INSERT and UPDATE,
|
|
the values are the newly inserted/updated values. For DELETE,
|
|
the values are those of the rows which were deleted.
|
|
|
|
Upon execution, the values of the columns to be returned are made
|
|
available via the result set and can be iterated using
|
|
:meth:`.ResultProxy.fetchone` and similar. For DBAPIs which do not
|
|
natively support returning values (i.e. cx_oracle), SQLAlchemy will
|
|
approximate this behavior at the result level so that a reasonable
|
|
amount of behavioral neutrality is provided.
|
|
|
|
Note that not all databases/DBAPIs
|
|
support RETURNING. For those backends with no support,
|
|
an exception is raised upon compilation and/or execution.
|
|
For those who do support it, the functionality across backends
|
|
varies greatly, including restrictions on executemany()
|
|
and other statements which return multiple rows. Please
|
|
read the documentation notes for the database in use in
|
|
order to determine the availability of RETURNING.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` - an alternative method tailored
|
|
towards efficient fetching of server-side defaults and triggers
|
|
for single-row INSERTs or UPDATEs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
self._returning = cols
|
|
|
|
@_generative
|
|
def with_hint(self, text, selectable=None, dialect_name="*"):
|
|
"""Add a table hint for a single table to this
|
|
INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statement.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
:meth:`.UpdateBase.with_hint` currently applies only to
|
|
Microsoft SQL Server. For MySQL INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE hints, use
|
|
:meth:`.UpdateBase.prefix_with`.
|
|
|
|
The text of the hint is rendered in the appropriate
|
|
location for the database backend in use, relative
|
|
to the :class:`.Table` that is the subject of this
|
|
statement, or optionally to that of the given
|
|
:class:`.Table` passed as the ``selectable`` argument.
|
|
|
|
The ``dialect_name`` option will limit the rendering of a particular
|
|
hint to a particular backend. Such as, to add a hint
|
|
that only takes effect for SQL Server::
|
|
|
|
mytable.insert().with_hint("WITH (PAGLOCK)", dialect_name="mssql")
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.7.6
|
|
|
|
:param text: Text of the hint.
|
|
:param selectable: optional :class:`.Table` that specifies
|
|
an element of the FROM clause within an UPDATE or DELETE
|
|
to be the subject of the hint - applies only to certain backends.
|
|
:param dialect_name: defaults to ``*``, if specified as the name
|
|
of a particular dialect, will apply these hints only when
|
|
that dialect is in use.
|
|
"""
|
|
if selectable is None:
|
|
selectable = self.table
|
|
|
|
self._hints = self._hints.union(
|
|
{(selectable, dialect_name): text})
|
|
|
|
|
|
class ValuesBase(UpdateBase):
|
|
"""Supplies support for :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` to
|
|
INSERT and UPDATE constructs."""
|
|
|
|
__visit_name__ = 'values_base'
|
|
|
|
_supports_multi_parameters = False
|
|
_has_multi_parameters = False
|
|
_preserve_parameter_order = False
|
|
select = None
|
|
_post_values_clause = None
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self, table, values, prefixes):
|
|
self.table = _interpret_as_from(table)
|
|
self.parameters, self._has_multi_parameters = \
|
|
self._process_colparams(values)
|
|
if prefixes:
|
|
self._setup_prefixes(prefixes)
|
|
|
|
@_generative
|
|
def values(self, *args, **kwargs):
|
|
r"""specify a fixed VALUES clause for an INSERT statement, or the SET
|
|
clause for an UPDATE.
|
|
|
|
Note that the :class:`.Insert` and :class:`.Update` constructs support
|
|
per-execution time formatting of the VALUES and/or SET clauses,
|
|
based on the arguments passed to :meth:`.Connection.execute`.
|
|
However, the :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` method can be used to "fix" a
|
|
particular set of parameters into the statement.
|
|
|
|
Multiple calls to :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` will produce a new
|
|
construct, each one with the parameter list modified to include
|
|
the new parameters sent. In the typical case of a single
|
|
dictionary of parameters, the newly passed keys will replace
|
|
the same keys in the previous construct. In the case of a list-based
|
|
"multiple values" construct, each new list of values is extended
|
|
onto the existing list of values.
|
|
|
|
:param \**kwargs: key value pairs representing the string key
|
|
of a :class:`.Column` mapped to the value to be rendered into the
|
|
VALUES or SET clause::
|
|
|
|
users.insert().values(name="some name")
|
|
|
|
users.update().where(users.c.id==5).values(name="some name")
|
|
|
|
:param \*args: As an alternative to passing key/value parameters,
|
|
a dictionary, tuple, or list of dictionaries or tuples can be passed
|
|
as a single positional argument in order to form the VALUES or
|
|
SET clause of the statement. The forms that are accepted vary
|
|
based on whether this is an :class:`.Insert` or an :class:`.Update`
|
|
construct.
|
|
|
|
For either an :class:`.Insert` or :class:`.Update` construct, a
|
|
single dictionary can be passed, which works the same as that of
|
|
the kwargs form::
|
|
|
|
users.insert().values({"name": "some name"})
|
|
|
|
users.update().values({"name": "some new name"})
|
|
|
|
Also for either form but more typically for the :class:`.Insert`
|
|
construct, a tuple that contains an entry for every column in the
|
|
table is also accepted::
|
|
|
|
users.insert().values((5, "some name"))
|
|
|
|
The :class:`.Insert` construct also supports being passed a list
|
|
of dictionaries or full-table-tuples, which on the server will
|
|
render the less common SQL syntax of "multiple values" - this
|
|
syntax is supported on backends such as SQLite, PostgreSQL, MySQL,
|
|
but not necessarily others::
|
|
|
|
users.insert().values([
|
|
{"name": "some name"},
|
|
{"name": "some other name"},
|
|
{"name": "yet another name"},
|
|
])
|
|
|
|
The above form would render a multiple VALUES statement similar to::
|
|
|
|
INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES
|
|
(:name_1),
|
|
(:name_2),
|
|
(:name_3)
|
|
|
|
It is essential to note that **passing multiple values is
|
|
NOT the same as using traditional executemany() form**. The above
|
|
syntax is a **special** syntax not typically used. To emit an
|
|
INSERT statement against multiple rows, the normal method is
|
|
to pass a multiple values list to the :meth:`.Connection.execute`
|
|
method, which is supported by all database backends and is generally
|
|
more efficient for a very large number of parameters.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:ref:`execute_multiple` - an introduction to
|
|
the traditional Core method of multiple parameter set
|
|
invocation for INSERTs and other statements.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 an INSERT that uses a multiple-VALUES
|
|
clause, even a list of length one,
|
|
implies that the :paramref:`.Insert.inline` flag is set to
|
|
True, indicating that the statement will not attempt to fetch
|
|
the "last inserted primary key" or other defaults. The
|
|
statement deals with an arbitrary number of rows, so the
|
|
:attr:`.ResultProxy.inserted_primary_key` accessor does not
|
|
apply.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 A multiple-VALUES INSERT now supports
|
|
columns with Python side default values and callables in the
|
|
same way as that of an "executemany" style of invocation; the
|
|
callable is invoked for each row. See :ref:`bug_3288`
|
|
for other details.
|
|
|
|
The :class:`.Update` construct supports a special form which is a
|
|
list of 2-tuples, which when provided must be passed in conjunction
|
|
with the
|
|
:paramref:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.update.preserve_parameter_order`
|
|
parameter.
|
|
This form causes the UPDATE statement to render the SET clauses
|
|
using the order of parameters given to :meth:`.Update.values`, rather
|
|
than the ordering of columns given in the :class:`.Table`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.0.10 - added support for parameter-ordered
|
|
UPDATE statements via the
|
|
:paramref:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.update.preserve_parameter_order`
|
|
flag.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:ref:`updates_order_parameters` - full example of the
|
|
:paramref:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.update.preserve_parameter_order`
|
|
flag
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:ref:`inserts_and_updates` - SQL Expression
|
|
Language Tutorial
|
|
|
|
:func:`~.expression.insert` - produce an ``INSERT`` statement
|
|
|
|
:func:`~.expression.update` - produce an ``UPDATE`` statement
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
if self.select is not None:
|
|
raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
|
|
"This construct already inserts from a SELECT")
|
|
if self._has_multi_parameters and kwargs:
|
|
raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
|
|
"This construct already has multiple parameter sets.")
|
|
|
|
if args:
|
|
if len(args) > 1:
|
|
raise exc.ArgumentError(
|
|
"Only a single dictionary/tuple or list of "
|
|
"dictionaries/tuples is accepted positionally.")
|
|
v = args[0]
|
|
else:
|
|
v = {}
|
|
|
|
if self.parameters is None:
|
|
self.parameters, self._has_multi_parameters = \
|
|
self._process_colparams(v)
|
|
else:
|
|
if self._has_multi_parameters:
|
|
self.parameters = list(self.parameters)
|
|
p, self._has_multi_parameters = self._process_colparams(v)
|
|
if not self._has_multi_parameters:
|
|
raise exc.ArgumentError(
|
|
"Can't mix single-values and multiple values "
|
|
"formats in one statement")
|
|
|
|
self.parameters.extend(p)
|
|
else:
|
|
self.parameters = self.parameters.copy()
|
|
p, self._has_multi_parameters = self._process_colparams(v)
|
|
if self._has_multi_parameters:
|
|
raise exc.ArgumentError(
|
|
"Can't mix single-values and multiple values "
|
|
"formats in one statement")
|
|
self.parameters.update(p)
|
|
|
|
if kwargs:
|
|
if self._has_multi_parameters:
|
|
raise exc.ArgumentError(
|
|
"Can't pass kwargs and multiple parameter sets "
|
|
"simultaneously")
|
|
else:
|
|
self.parameters.update(kwargs)
|
|
|
|
@_generative
|
|
def return_defaults(self, *cols):
|
|
"""Make use of a :term:`RETURNING` clause for the purpose
|
|
of fetching server-side expressions and defaults.
|
|
|
|
E.g.::
|
|
|
|
stmt = table.insert().values(data='newdata').return_defaults()
|
|
|
|
result = connection.execute(stmt)
|
|
|
|
server_created_at = result.returned_defaults['created_at']
|
|
|
|
When used against a backend that supports RETURNING, all column
|
|
values generated by SQL expression or server-side-default will be
|
|
added to any existing RETURNING clause, provided that
|
|
:meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` is not used simultaneously. The column
|
|
values will then be available on the result using the
|
|
:attr:`.ResultProxy.returned_defaults` accessor as a dictionary,
|
|
referring to values keyed to the :class:`.Column` object as well as
|
|
its ``.key``.
|
|
|
|
This method differs from :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` in these ways:
|
|
|
|
1. :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` is only intended for use with
|
|
an INSERT or an UPDATE statement that matches exactly one row.
|
|
While the RETURNING construct in the general sense supports
|
|
multiple rows for a multi-row UPDATE or DELETE statement, or for
|
|
special cases of INSERT that return multiple rows (e.g. INSERT from
|
|
SELECT, multi-valued VALUES clause),
|
|
:meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` is intended only for an
|
|
"ORM-style" single-row INSERT/UPDATE statement. The row returned
|
|
by the statement is also consumed implicitly when
|
|
:meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` is used. By contrast,
|
|
:meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` leaves the RETURNING result-set
|
|
intact with a collection of any number of rows.
|
|
|
|
2. It is compatible with the existing logic to fetch auto-generated
|
|
primary key values, also known as "implicit returning". Backends
|
|
that support RETURNING will automatically make use of RETURNING in
|
|
order to fetch the value of newly generated primary keys; while the
|
|
:meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` method circumvents this behavior,
|
|
:meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` leaves it intact.
|
|
|
|
3. It can be called against any backend. Backends that don't support
|
|
RETURNING will skip the usage of the feature, rather than raising
|
|
an exception. The return value of
|
|
:attr:`.ResultProxy.returned_defaults` will be ``None``
|
|
|
|
:meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` is used by the ORM to provide
|
|
an efficient implementation for the ``eager_defaults`` feature of
|
|
:func:`.mapper`.
|
|
|
|
:param cols: optional list of column key names or :class:`.Column`
|
|
objects. If omitted, all column expressions evaluated on the server
|
|
are added to the returning list.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.9.0
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:meth:`.UpdateBase.returning`
|
|
|
|
:attr:`.ResultProxy.returned_defaults`
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
self._return_defaults = cols or True
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Insert(ValuesBase):
|
|
"""Represent an INSERT construct.
|
|
|
|
The :class:`.Insert` object is created using the
|
|
:func:`~.expression.insert()` function.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:ref:`coretutorial_insert_expressions`
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
__visit_name__ = 'insert'
|
|
|
|
_supports_multi_parameters = True
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self,
|
|
table,
|
|
values=None,
|
|
inline=False,
|
|
bind=None,
|
|
prefixes=None,
|
|
returning=None,
|
|
return_defaults=False,
|
|
**dialect_kw):
|
|
"""Construct an :class:`.Insert` object.
|
|
|
|
Similar functionality is available via the
|
|
:meth:`~.TableClause.insert` method on
|
|
:class:`~.schema.Table`.
|
|
|
|
:param table: :class:`.TableClause` which is the subject of the
|
|
insert.
|
|
|
|
:param values: collection of values to be inserted; see
|
|
:meth:`.Insert.values` for a description of allowed formats here.
|
|
Can be omitted entirely; a :class:`.Insert` construct will also
|
|
dynamically render the VALUES clause at execution time based on
|
|
the parameters passed to :meth:`.Connection.execute`.
|
|
|
|
:param inline: if True, no attempt will be made to retrieve the
|
|
SQL-generated default values to be provided within the statement;
|
|
in particular,
|
|
this allows SQL expressions to be rendered 'inline' within the
|
|
statement without the need to pre-execute them beforehand; for
|
|
backends that support "returning", this turns off the "implicit
|
|
returning" feature for the statement.
|
|
|
|
If both `values` and compile-time bind parameters are present, the
|
|
compile-time bind parameters override the information specified
|
|
within `values` on a per-key basis.
|
|
|
|
The keys within `values` can be either
|
|
:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column` objects or their string
|
|
identifiers. Each key may reference one of:
|
|
|
|
* a literal data value (i.e. string, number, etc.);
|
|
* a Column object;
|
|
* a SELECT statement.
|
|
|
|
If a ``SELECT`` statement is specified which references this
|
|
``INSERT`` statement's table, the statement will be correlated
|
|
against the ``INSERT`` statement.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:ref:`coretutorial_insert_expressions` - SQL Expression Tutorial
|
|
|
|
:ref:`inserts_and_updates` - SQL Expression Tutorial
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
ValuesBase.__init__(self, table, values, prefixes)
|
|
self._bind = bind
|
|
self.select = self.select_names = None
|
|
self.include_insert_from_select_defaults = False
|
|
self.inline = inline
|
|
self._returning = returning
|
|
self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
|
|
self._return_defaults = return_defaults
|
|
|
|
def get_children(self, **kwargs):
|
|
if self.select is not None:
|
|
return self.select,
|
|
else:
|
|
return ()
|
|
|
|
@_generative
|
|
def from_select(self, names, select, include_defaults=True):
|
|
"""Return a new :class:`.Insert` construct which represents
|
|
an ``INSERT...FROM SELECT`` statement.
|
|
|
|
e.g.::
|
|
|
|
sel = select([table1.c.a, table1.c.b]).where(table1.c.c > 5)
|
|
ins = table2.insert().from_select(['a', 'b'], sel)
|
|
|
|
:param names: a sequence of string column names or :class:`.Column`
|
|
objects representing the target columns.
|
|
:param select: a :func:`.select` construct, :class:`.FromClause`
|
|
or other construct which resolves into a :class:`.FromClause`,
|
|
such as an ORM :class:`.Query` object, etc. The order of
|
|
columns returned from this FROM clause should correspond to the
|
|
order of columns sent as the ``names`` parameter; while this
|
|
is not checked before passing along to the database, the database
|
|
would normally raise an exception if these column lists don't
|
|
correspond.
|
|
:param include_defaults: if True, non-server default values and
|
|
SQL expressions as specified on :class:`.Column` objects
|
|
(as documented in :ref:`metadata_defaults_toplevel`) not
|
|
otherwise specified in the list of names will be rendered
|
|
into the INSERT and SELECT statements, so that these values are also
|
|
included in the data to be inserted.
|
|
|
|
.. note:: A Python-side default that uses a Python callable function
|
|
will only be invoked **once** for the whole statement, and **not
|
|
per row**.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0 - :meth:`.Insert.from_select` now renders
|
|
Python-side and SQL expression column defaults into the
|
|
SELECT statement for columns otherwise not included in the
|
|
list of column names.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 an INSERT that uses FROM SELECT
|
|
implies that the :paramref:`.insert.inline` flag is set to
|
|
True, indicating that the statement will not attempt to fetch
|
|
the "last inserted primary key" or other defaults. The statement
|
|
deals with an arbitrary number of rows, so the
|
|
:attr:`.ResultProxy.inserted_primary_key` accessor does not apply.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.8.3
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
if self.parameters:
|
|
raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
|
|
"This construct already inserts value expressions")
|
|
|
|
self.parameters, self._has_multi_parameters = \
|
|
self._process_colparams(
|
|
dict((_column_as_key(n), Null()) for n in names))
|
|
|
|
self.select_names = names
|
|
self.inline = True
|
|
self.include_insert_from_select_defaults = include_defaults
|
|
self.select = _interpret_as_select(select)
|
|
|
|
def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
|
|
# TODO: coverage
|
|
self.parameters = self.parameters.copy()
|
|
if self.select is not None:
|
|
self.select = _clone(self.select)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Update(ValuesBase):
|
|
"""Represent an Update construct.
|
|
|
|
The :class:`.Update` object is created using the :func:`update()`
|
|
function.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
__visit_name__ = 'update'
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self,
|
|
table,
|
|
whereclause=None,
|
|
values=None,
|
|
inline=False,
|
|
bind=None,
|
|
prefixes=None,
|
|
returning=None,
|
|
return_defaults=False,
|
|
preserve_parameter_order=False,
|
|
**dialect_kw):
|
|
r"""Construct an :class:`.Update` object.
|
|
|
|
E.g.::
|
|
|
|
from sqlalchemy import update
|
|
|
|
stmt = update(users).where(users.c.id==5).\
|
|
values(name='user #5')
|
|
|
|
Similar functionality is available via the
|
|
:meth:`~.TableClause.update` method on
|
|
:class:`.Table`::
|
|
|
|
stmt = users.update().\
|
|
where(users.c.id==5).\
|
|
values(name='user #5')
|
|
|
|
:param table: A :class:`.Table` object representing the database
|
|
table to be updated.
|
|
|
|
:param whereclause: Optional SQL expression describing the ``WHERE``
|
|
condition of the ``UPDATE`` statement. Modern applications
|
|
may prefer to use the generative :meth:`~Update.where()`
|
|
method to specify the ``WHERE`` clause.
|
|
|
|
The WHERE clause can refer to multiple tables.
|
|
For databases which support this, an ``UPDATE FROM`` clause will
|
|
be generated, or on MySQL, a multi-table update. The statement
|
|
will fail on databases that don't have support for multi-table
|
|
update statements. A SQL-standard method of referring to
|
|
additional tables in the WHERE clause is to use a correlated
|
|
subquery::
|
|
|
|
users.update().values(name='ed').where(
|
|
users.c.name==select([addresses.c.email_address]).\
|
|
where(addresses.c.user_id==users.c.id).\
|
|
as_scalar()
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 0.7.4
|
|
The WHERE clause can refer to multiple tables.
|
|
|
|
:param values:
|
|
Optional dictionary which specifies the ``SET`` conditions of the
|
|
``UPDATE``. If left as ``None``, the ``SET``
|
|
conditions are determined from those parameters passed to the
|
|
statement during the execution and/or compilation of the
|
|
statement. When compiled standalone without any parameters,
|
|
the ``SET`` clause generates for all columns.
|
|
|
|
Modern applications may prefer to use the generative
|
|
:meth:`.Update.values` method to set the values of the
|
|
UPDATE statement.
|
|
|
|
:param inline:
|
|
if True, SQL defaults present on :class:`.Column` objects via
|
|
the ``default`` keyword will be compiled 'inline' into the statement
|
|
and not pre-executed. This means that their values will not
|
|
be available in the dictionary returned from
|
|
:meth:`.ResultProxy.last_updated_params`.
|
|
|
|
:param preserve_parameter_order: if True, the update statement is
|
|
expected to receive parameters **only** via the :meth:`.Update.values`
|
|
method, and they must be passed as a Python ``list`` of 2-tuples.
|
|
The rendered UPDATE statement will emit the SET clause for each
|
|
referenced column maintaining this order.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.0.10
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:ref:`updates_order_parameters` - full example of the
|
|
:paramref:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.update.preserve_parameter_order` flag
|
|
|
|
If both ``values`` and compile-time bind parameters are present, the
|
|
compile-time bind parameters override the information specified
|
|
within ``values`` on a per-key basis.
|
|
|
|
The keys within ``values`` can be either :class:`.Column`
|
|
objects or their string identifiers (specifically the "key" of the
|
|
:class:`.Column`, normally but not necessarily equivalent to
|
|
its "name"). Normally, the
|
|
:class:`.Column` objects used here are expected to be
|
|
part of the target :class:`.Table` that is the table
|
|
to be updated. However when using MySQL, a multiple-table
|
|
UPDATE statement can refer to columns from any of
|
|
the tables referred to in the WHERE clause.
|
|
|
|
The values referred to in ``values`` are typically:
|
|
|
|
* a literal data value (i.e. string, number, etc.)
|
|
* a SQL expression, such as a related :class:`.Column`,
|
|
a scalar-returning :func:`.select` construct,
|
|
etc.
|
|
|
|
When combining :func:`.select` constructs within the values
|
|
clause of an :func:`.update` construct,
|
|
the subquery represented by the :func:`.select` should be
|
|
*correlated* to the parent table, that is, providing criterion
|
|
which links the table inside the subquery to the outer table
|
|
being updated::
|
|
|
|
users.update().values(
|
|
name=select([addresses.c.email_address]).\
|
|
where(addresses.c.user_id==users.c.id).\
|
|
as_scalar()
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:ref:`inserts_and_updates` - SQL Expression
|
|
Language Tutorial
|
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
self._preserve_parameter_order = preserve_parameter_order
|
|
ValuesBase.__init__(self, table, values, prefixes)
|
|
self._bind = bind
|
|
self._returning = returning
|
|
if whereclause is not None:
|
|
self._whereclause = _literal_as_text(whereclause)
|
|
else:
|
|
self._whereclause = None
|
|
self.inline = inline
|
|
self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
|
|
self._return_defaults = return_defaults
|
|
|
|
def get_children(self, **kwargs):
|
|
if self._whereclause is not None:
|
|
return self._whereclause,
|
|
else:
|
|
return ()
|
|
|
|
def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
|
|
# TODO: coverage
|
|
self._whereclause = clone(self._whereclause, **kw)
|
|
self.parameters = self.parameters.copy()
|
|
|
|
@_generative
|
|
def where(self, whereclause):
|
|
"""return a new update() construct with the given expression added to
|
|
its WHERE clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
if self._whereclause is not None:
|
|
self._whereclause = and_(self._whereclause,
|
|
_literal_as_text(whereclause))
|
|
else:
|
|
self._whereclause = _literal_as_text(whereclause)
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def _extra_froms(self):
|
|
# TODO: this could be made memoized
|
|
# if the memoization is reset on each generative call.
|
|
froms = []
|
|
seen = set([self.table])
|
|
|
|
if self._whereclause is not None:
|
|
for item in _from_objects(self._whereclause):
|
|
if not seen.intersection(item._cloned_set):
|
|
froms.append(item)
|
|
seen.update(item._cloned_set)
|
|
|
|
return froms
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Delete(UpdateBase):
|
|
"""Represent a DELETE construct.
|
|
|
|
The :class:`.Delete` object is created using the :func:`delete()`
|
|
function.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
__visit_name__ = 'delete'
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self,
|
|
table,
|
|
whereclause=None,
|
|
bind=None,
|
|
returning=None,
|
|
prefixes=None,
|
|
**dialect_kw):
|
|
"""Construct :class:`.Delete` object.
|
|
|
|
Similar functionality is available via the
|
|
:meth:`~.TableClause.delete` method on
|
|
:class:`~.schema.Table`.
|
|
|
|
:param table: The table to delete rows from.
|
|
|
|
:param whereclause: A :class:`.ClauseElement` describing the ``WHERE``
|
|
condition of the ``DELETE`` statement. Note that the
|
|
:meth:`~Delete.where()` generative method may be used instead.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:ref:`deletes` - SQL Expression Tutorial
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
self._bind = bind
|
|
self.table = _interpret_as_from(table)
|
|
self._returning = returning
|
|
|
|
if prefixes:
|
|
self._setup_prefixes(prefixes)
|
|
|
|
if whereclause is not None:
|
|
self._whereclause = _literal_as_text(whereclause)
|
|
else:
|
|
self._whereclause = None
|
|
|
|
self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
|
|
|
|
def get_children(self, **kwargs):
|
|
if self._whereclause is not None:
|
|
return self._whereclause,
|
|
else:
|
|
return ()
|
|
|
|
@_generative
|
|
def where(self, whereclause):
|
|
"""Add the given WHERE clause to a newly returned delete construct."""
|
|
|
|
if self._whereclause is not None:
|
|
self._whereclause = and_(self._whereclause,
|
|
_literal_as_text(whereclause))
|
|
else:
|
|
self._whereclause = _literal_as_text(whereclause)
|
|
|
|
def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
|
|
# TODO: coverage
|
|
self._whereclause = clone(self._whereclause, **kw)
|