# compiler.py # Copyright (C) 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Michael Bayer mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com # # This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under # the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php """Base SQL and DDL compiler implementations. Classes provided include: :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler` - renders SQL strings :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler` - renders DDL (data definition language) strings :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.GenericTypeCompiler` - renders type specification strings. To generate user-defined SQL strings, see :module:`~sqlalchemy.ext.compiler`. """ import re from sqlalchemy import schema, engine, util, exc from sqlalchemy.sql import operators, functions, util as sql_util, visitors from sqlalchemy.sql import expression as sql import decimal RESERVED_WORDS = set([ 'all', 'analyse', 'analyze', 'and', 'any', 'array', 'as', 'asc', 'asymmetric', 'authorization', 'between', 'binary', 'both', 'case', 'cast', 'check', 'collate', 'column', 'constraint', 'create', 'cross', 'current_date', 'current_role', 'current_time', 'current_timestamp', 'current_user', 'default', 'deferrable', 'desc', 'distinct', 'do', 'else', 'end', 'except', 'false', 'for', 'foreign', 'freeze', 'from', 'full', 'grant', 'group', 'having', 'ilike', 'in', 'initially', 'inner', 'intersect', 'into', 'is', 'isnull', 'join', 'leading', 'left', 'like', 'limit', 'localtime', 'localtimestamp', 'natural', 'new', 'not', 'notnull', 'null', 'off', 'offset', 'old', 'on', 'only', 'or', 'order', 'outer', 'overlaps', 'placing', 'primary', 'references', 'right', 'select', 'session_user', 'set', 'similar', 'some', 'symmetric', 'table', 'then', 'to', 'trailing', 'true', 'union', 'unique', 'user', 'using', 'verbose', 'when', 'where']) LEGAL_CHARACTERS = re.compile(r'^[A-Z0-9_$]+$', re.I) ILLEGAL_INITIAL_CHARACTERS = set([str(x) for x in xrange(0, 10)]).union(['$']) BIND_PARAMS = re.compile(r'(? ', operators.ge : ' >= ', operators.eq : ' = ', operators.concat_op : ' || ', operators.between_op : ' BETWEEN ', operators.match_op : ' MATCH ', operators.in_op : ' IN ', operators.notin_op : ' NOT IN ', operators.comma_op : ', ', operators.from_ : ' FROM ', operators.as_ : ' AS ', operators.is_ : ' IS ', operators.isnot : ' IS NOT ', operators.collate : ' COLLATE ', # unary operators.exists : 'EXISTS ', operators.distinct_op : 'DISTINCT ', operators.inv : 'NOT ', # modifiers operators.desc_op : ' DESC', operators.asc_op : ' ASC', } FUNCTIONS = { functions.coalesce : 'coalesce%(expr)s', functions.current_date: 'CURRENT_DATE', functions.current_time: 'CURRENT_TIME', functions.current_timestamp: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP', functions.current_user: 'CURRENT_USER', functions.localtime: 'LOCALTIME', functions.localtimestamp: 'LOCALTIMESTAMP', functions.random: 'random%(expr)s', functions.sysdate: 'sysdate', functions.session_user :'SESSION_USER', functions.user: 'USER' } EXTRACT_MAP = { 'month': 'month', 'day': 'day', 'year': 'year', 'second': 'second', 'hour': 'hour', 'doy': 'doy', 'minute': 'minute', 'quarter': 'quarter', 'dow': 'dow', 'week': 'week', 'epoch': 'epoch', 'milliseconds': 'milliseconds', 'microseconds': 'microseconds', 'timezone_hour': 'timezone_hour', 'timezone_minute': 'timezone_minute' } COMPOUND_KEYWORDS = { sql.CompoundSelect.UNION : 'UNION', sql.CompoundSelect.UNION_ALL : 'UNION ALL', sql.CompoundSelect.EXCEPT : 'EXCEPT', sql.CompoundSelect.EXCEPT_ALL : 'EXCEPT ALL', sql.CompoundSelect.INTERSECT : 'INTERSECT', sql.CompoundSelect.INTERSECT_ALL : 'INTERSECT ALL' } class _CompileLabel(visitors.Visitable): """lightweight label object which acts as an expression._Label.""" __visit_name__ = 'label' __slots__ = 'element', 'name' def __init__(self, col, name): self.element = col self.name = name @property def quote(self): return self.element.quote class SQLCompiler(engine.Compiled): """Default implementation of Compiled. Compiles ClauseElements into SQL strings. Uses a similar visit paradigm as visitors.ClauseVisitor but implements its own traversal. """ extract_map = EXTRACT_MAP compound_keywords = COMPOUND_KEYWORDS # class-level defaults which can be set at the instance # level to define if this Compiled instance represents # INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE isdelete = isinsert = isupdate = False # holds the "returning" collection of columns if # the statement is CRUD and defines returning columns # either implicitly or explicitly returning = None # set to True classwide to generate RETURNING # clauses before the VALUES or WHERE clause (i.e. MSSQL) returning_precedes_values = False # SQL 92 doesn't allow bind parameters to be used # in the columns clause of a SELECT, nor does it allow # ambiguous expressions like "? = ?". A compiler # subclass can set this flag to False if the target # driver/DB enforces this ansi_bind_rules = False def __init__(self, dialect, statement, column_keys=None, inline=False, **kwargs): """Construct a new ``DefaultCompiler`` object. dialect Dialect to be used statement ClauseElement to be compiled column_keys a list of column names to be compiled into an INSERT or UPDATE statement. """ engine.Compiled.__init__(self, dialect, statement, **kwargs) self.column_keys = column_keys # compile INSERT/UPDATE defaults/sequences inlined (no pre-execute) self.inline = inline or getattr(statement, 'inline', False) # a dictionary of bind parameter keys to _BindParamClause instances. self.binds = {} # a dictionary of _BindParamClause instances to "compiled" names that are # actually present in the generated SQL self.bind_names = util.column_dict() # stack which keeps track of nested SELECT statements self.stack = [] # relates label names in the final SQL to # a tuple of local column/label name, ColumnElement object (if any) and TypeEngine. # ResultProxy uses this for type processing and column targeting self.result_map = {} # true if the paramstyle is positional self.positional = self.dialect.positional if self.positional: self.positiontup = [] self.bindtemplate = BIND_TEMPLATES[self.dialect.paramstyle] # an IdentifierPreparer that formats the quoting of identifiers self.preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer self.label_length = self.dialect.label_length or self.dialect.max_identifier_length # a map which tracks "anonymous" identifiers that are # created on the fly here self.anon_map = util.PopulateDict(self._process_anon) # a map which tracks "truncated" names based on dialect.label_length # or dialect.max_identifier_length self.truncated_names = {} def is_subquery(self): return len(self.stack) > 1 @property def sql_compiler(self): return self def construct_params(self, params=None, _group_number=None): """return a dictionary of bind parameter keys and values""" if params: pd = {} for bindparam, name in self.bind_names.iteritems(): for paramname in (bindparam.key, name): if paramname in params: pd[name] = params[paramname] break else: if bindparam.required: if _group_number: raise exc.InvalidRequestError( "A value is required for bind parameter %r, " "in parameter group %d" % (bindparam.key, _group_number)) else: raise exc.InvalidRequestError( "A value is required for bind parameter %r" % bindparam.key) elif util.callable(bindparam.value): pd[name] = bindparam.value() else: pd[name] = bindparam.value return pd else: pd = {} for bindparam in self.bind_names: if util.callable(bindparam.value): pd[self.bind_names[bindparam]] = bindparam.value() else: pd[self.bind_names[bindparam]] = bindparam.value return pd params = property(construct_params, doc=""" Return the bind params for this compiled object. """) def default_from(self): """Called when a SELECT statement has no froms, and no FROM clause is to be appended. Gives Oracle a chance to tack on a ``FROM DUAL`` to the string output. """ return "" def visit_grouping(self, grouping, asfrom=False, **kwargs): return "(" + self.process(grouping.element, **kwargs) + ")" def visit_label(self, label, result_map=None, within_label_clause=False, within_columns_clause=False, **kw): # only render labels within the columns clause # or ORDER BY clause of a select. dialect-specific compilers # can modify this behavior. if within_columns_clause and not within_label_clause: labelname = isinstance(label.name, sql._generated_label) and \ self._truncated_identifier("colident", label.name) or label.name if result_map is not None: result_map[labelname.lower()] = \ (label.name, (label, label.element, labelname), label.element.type) return self.process(label.element, within_columns_clause=True, within_label_clause=True, **kw) + \ OPERATORS[operators.as_] + \ self.preparer.format_label(label, labelname) else: return self.process(label.element, within_columns_clause=False, **kw) def visit_column(self, column, result_map=None, **kwargs): name = column.name if not column.is_literal and isinstance(name, sql._generated_label): name = self._truncated_identifier("colident", name) if result_map is not None: result_map[name.lower()] = (name, (column, ), column.type) if column.is_literal: name = self.escape_literal_column(name) else: name = self.preparer.quote(name, column.quote) if column.table is None or not column.table.named_with_column: return name else: if column.table.schema: schema_prefix = self.preparer.quote_schema( column.table.schema, column.table.quote_schema) + '.' else: schema_prefix = '' tablename = column.table.name tablename = isinstance(tablename, sql._generated_label) and \ self._truncated_identifier("alias", tablename) or tablename return schema_prefix + \ self.preparer.quote(tablename, column.table.quote) + "." + name def escape_literal_column(self, text): """provide escaping for the literal_column() construct.""" # TODO: some dialects might need different behavior here return text.replace('%', '%%') def visit_fromclause(self, fromclause, **kwargs): return fromclause.name def visit_index(self, index, **kwargs): return index.name def visit_typeclause(self, typeclause, **kwargs): return self.dialect.type_compiler.process(typeclause.type) def post_process_text(self, text): return text def visit_textclause(self, textclause, **kwargs): if textclause.typemap is not None: for colname, type_ in textclause.typemap.iteritems(): self.result_map[colname.lower()] = (colname, None, type_) def do_bindparam(m): name = m.group(1) if name in textclause.bindparams: return self.process(textclause.bindparams[name]) else: return self.bindparam_string(name) # un-escape any \:params return BIND_PARAMS_ESC.sub(lambda m: m.group(1), BIND_PARAMS.sub(do_bindparam, self.post_process_text(textclause.text)) ) def visit_null(self, null, **kwargs): return 'NULL' def visit_clauselist(self, clauselist, **kwargs): sep = clauselist.operator if sep is None: sep = " " else: sep = OPERATORS[clauselist.operator] return sep.join(s for s in (self.process(c, **kwargs) for c in clauselist.clauses) if s is not None) def visit_case(self, clause, **kwargs): x = "CASE " if clause.value is not None: x += self.process(clause.value, **kwargs) + " " for cond, result in clause.whens: x += "WHEN " + self.process(cond, **kwargs) + \ " THEN " + self.process(result, **kwargs) + " " if clause.else_ is not None: x += "ELSE " + self.process(clause.else_, **kwargs) + " " x += "END" return x def visit_cast(self, cast, **kwargs): return "CAST(%s AS %s)" % \ (self.process(cast.clause, **kwargs), self.process(cast.typeclause, **kwargs)) def visit_extract(self, extract, **kwargs): field = self.extract_map.get(extract.field, extract.field) return "EXTRACT(%s FROM %s)" % (field, self.process(extract.expr, **kwargs)) def visit_function(self, func, result_map=None, **kwargs): if result_map is not None: result_map[func.name.lower()] = (func.name, None, func.type) disp = getattr(self, "visit_%s_func" % func.name.lower(), None) if disp: return disp(func, **kwargs) else: name = FUNCTIONS.get(func.__class__, func.name + "%(expr)s") return ".".join(func.packagenames + [name]) % \ {'expr':self.function_argspec(func, **kwargs)} def function_argspec(self, func, **kwargs): return self.process(func.clause_expr, **kwargs) def visit_compound_select(self, cs, asfrom=False, parens=True, compound_index=1, **kwargs): entry = self.stack and self.stack[-1] or {} self.stack.append({'from':entry.get('from', None), 'iswrapper':True}) keyword = self.compound_keywords.get(cs.keyword) text = (" " + keyword + " ").join( (self.process(c, asfrom=asfrom, parens=False, compound_index=i, **kwargs) for i, c in enumerate(cs.selects)) ) group_by = self.process(cs._group_by_clause, asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs) if group_by: text += " GROUP BY " + group_by text += self.order_by_clause(cs, **kwargs) text += (cs._limit is not None or cs._offset is not None) and self.limit_clause(cs) or "" self.stack.pop(-1) if asfrom and parens: return "(" + text + ")" else: return text def visit_unary(self, unary, **kw): s = self.process(unary.element, **kw) if unary.operator: s = OPERATORS[unary.operator] + s if unary.modifier: s = s + OPERATORS[unary.modifier] return s def visit_binary(self, binary, **kw): # don't allow "? = ?" to render if self.ansi_bind_rules and \ isinstance(binary.left, sql._BindParamClause) and \ isinstance(binary.right, sql._BindParamClause): kw['literal_binds'] = True return self._operator_dispatch(binary.operator, binary, lambda opstr: self.process(binary.left, **kw) + opstr + self.process(binary.right, **kw), **kw ) def visit_like_op(self, binary, **kw): escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None) return '%s LIKE %s' % ( self.process(binary.left, **kw), self.process(binary.right, **kw)) \ + (escape and ' ESCAPE \'%s\'' % escape or '') def visit_notlike_op(self, binary, **kw): escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None) return '%s NOT LIKE %s' % ( self.process(binary.left, **kw), self.process(binary.right, **kw)) \ + (escape and ' ESCAPE \'%s\'' % escape or '') def visit_ilike_op(self, binary, **kw): escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None) return 'lower(%s) LIKE lower(%s)' % ( self.process(binary.left, **kw), self.process(binary.right, **kw)) \ + (escape and ' ESCAPE \'%s\'' % escape or '') def visit_notilike_op(self, binary, **kw): escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None) return 'lower(%s) NOT LIKE lower(%s)' % ( self.process(binary.left, **kw), self.process(binary.right, **kw)) \ + (escape and ' ESCAPE \'%s\'' % escape or '') def _operator_dispatch(self, operator, element, fn, **kw): if util.callable(operator): disp = getattr(self, "visit_%s" % operator.__name__, None) if disp: return disp(element, **kw) else: return fn(OPERATORS[operator]) else: return fn(" " + operator + " ") def visit_bindparam(self, bindparam, within_columns_clause=False, literal_binds=False, **kwargs): if literal_binds or \ (within_columns_clause and \ self.ansi_bind_rules): if bindparam.value is None: raise exc.CompileError("Bind parameter without a " "renderable value not allowed here.") return self.render_literal_bindparam(bindparam, within_columns_clause=True, **kwargs) name = self._truncate_bindparam(bindparam) if name in self.binds: existing = self.binds[name] if existing is not bindparam: if existing.unique or bindparam.unique: raise exc.CompileError( "Bind parameter '%s' conflicts with " "unique bind parameter of the same name" % bindparam.key ) elif getattr(existing, '_is_crud', False): raise exc.CompileError( "Bind parameter name '%s' is reserved " "for the VALUES or SET clause of this insert/update statement." % bindparam.key ) self.binds[bindparam.key] = self.binds[name] = bindparam return self.bindparam_string(name) def render_literal_bindparam(self, bindparam, **kw): value = bindparam.value processor = bindparam.bind_processor(self.dialect) if processor: value = processor(value) return self.render_literal_value(value, bindparam.type) def render_literal_value(self, value, type_): """Render the value of a bind parameter as a quoted literal. This is used for statement sections that do not accept bind paramters on the target driver/database. This should be implemented by subclasses using the quoting services of the DBAPI. """ if isinstance(value, basestring): value = value.replace("'", "''") return "'%s'" % value elif value is None: return "NULL" elif isinstance(value, (float, int, long)): return repr(value) elif isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal): return str(value) else: raise NotImplementedError("Don't know how to literal-quote value %r" % value) def _truncate_bindparam(self, bindparam): if bindparam in self.bind_names: return self.bind_names[bindparam] bind_name = bindparam.key bind_name = isinstance(bind_name, sql._generated_label) and \ self._truncated_identifier("bindparam", bind_name) or bind_name # add to bind_names for translation self.bind_names[bindparam] = bind_name return bind_name def _truncated_identifier(self, ident_class, name): if (ident_class, name) in self.truncated_names: return self.truncated_names[(ident_class, name)] anonname = name % self.anon_map if len(anonname) > self.label_length: counter = self.truncated_names.get(ident_class, 1) truncname = anonname[0:max(self.label_length - 6, 0)] + "_" + hex(counter)[2:] self.truncated_names[ident_class] = counter + 1 else: truncname = anonname self.truncated_names[(ident_class, name)] = truncname return truncname def _anonymize(self, name): return name % self.anon_map def _process_anon(self, key): (ident, derived) = key.split(' ', 1) anonymous_counter = self.anon_map.get(derived, 1) self.anon_map[derived] = anonymous_counter + 1 return derived + "_" + str(anonymous_counter) def bindparam_string(self, name): if self.positional: self.positiontup.append(name) return self.bindtemplate % {'name':name, 'position':len(self.positiontup)} else: return self.bindtemplate % {'name':name} def visit_alias(self, alias, asfrom=False, ashint=False, fromhints=None, **kwargs): if asfrom or ashint: alias_name = isinstance(alias.name, sql._generated_label) and \ self._truncated_identifier("alias", alias.name) or alias.name if ashint: return self.preparer.format_alias(alias, alias_name) elif asfrom: ret = self.process(alias.original, asfrom=True, **kwargs) + " AS " + \ self.preparer.format_alias(alias, alias_name) if fromhints and alias in fromhints: hinttext = self.get_from_hint_text(alias, fromhints[alias]) if hinttext: ret += " " + hinttext return ret else: return self.process(alias.original, **kwargs) def label_select_column(self, select, column, asfrom): """label columns present in a select().""" if isinstance(column, sql._Label): return column if select is not None and select.use_labels and column._label: return _CompileLabel(column, column._label) if \ asfrom and \ isinstance(column, sql.ColumnClause) and \ not column.is_literal and \ column.table is not None and \ not isinstance(column.table, sql.Select): return _CompileLabel(column, sql._generated_label(column.name)) elif not isinstance(column, (sql._UnaryExpression, sql._TextClause, sql._BindParamClause)) \ and (not hasattr(column, 'name') or isinstance(column, sql.Function)): return _CompileLabel(column, column.anon_label) else: return column def get_select_hint_text(self, byfroms): return None def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text): return None def visit_select(self, select, asfrom=False, parens=True, iswrapper=False, fromhints=None, compound_index=1, **kwargs): entry = self.stack and self.stack[-1] or {} existingfroms = entry.get('from', None) froms = select._get_display_froms(existingfroms) correlate_froms = set(sql._from_objects(*froms)) # TODO: might want to propagate existing froms for select(select(select)) # where innermost select should correlate to outermost # if existingfroms: # correlate_froms = correlate_froms.union(existingfroms) self.stack.append({'from':correlate_froms, 'iswrapper':iswrapper}) if compound_index==1 and not entry or entry.get('iswrapper', False): column_clause_args = {'result_map':self.result_map} else: column_clause_args = {} # the actual list of columns to print in the SELECT column list. inner_columns = [ c for c in [ self.process( self.label_select_column(select, co, asfrom=asfrom), within_columns_clause=True, **column_clause_args) for co in util.unique_list(select.inner_columns) ] if c is not None ] text = "SELECT " # we're off to a good start ! if select._hints: byfrom = dict([ (from_, hinttext % {'name':self.process(from_, ashint=True)}) for (from_, dialect), hinttext in select._hints.iteritems() if dialect in ('*', self.dialect.name) ]) hint_text = self.get_select_hint_text(byfrom) if hint_text: text += hint_text + " " if select._prefixes: text += " ".join(self.process(x, **kwargs) for x in select._prefixes) + " " text += self.get_select_precolumns(select) text += ', '.join(inner_columns) if froms: text += " \nFROM " if select._hints: text += ', '.join([self.process(f, asfrom=True, fromhints=byfrom, **kwargs) for f in froms]) else: text += ', '.join([self.process(f, asfrom=True, **kwargs) for f in froms]) else: text += self.default_from() if select._whereclause is not None: t = self.process(select._whereclause, **kwargs) if t: text += " \nWHERE " + t if select._group_by_clause.clauses: group_by = self.process(select._group_by_clause, **kwargs) if group_by: text += " GROUP BY " + group_by if select._having is not None: t = self.process(select._having, **kwargs) if t: text += " \nHAVING " + t if select._order_by_clause.clauses: text += self.order_by_clause(select, **kwargs) if select._limit is not None or select._offset is not None: text += self.limit_clause(select) if select.for_update: text += self.for_update_clause(select) self.stack.pop(-1) if asfrom and parens: return "(" + text + ")" else: return text def get_select_precolumns(self, select): """Called when building a ``SELECT`` statement, position is just before column list. """ return select._distinct and "DISTINCT " or "" def order_by_clause(self, select, **kw): order_by = self.process(select._order_by_clause, **kw) if order_by: return " ORDER BY " + order_by else: return "" def for_update_clause(self, select): if select.for_update: return " FOR UPDATE" else: return "" def limit_clause(self, select): text = "" if select._limit is not None: text += " \n LIMIT " + str(select._limit) if select._offset is not None: if select._limit is None: text += " \n LIMIT -1" text += " OFFSET " + str(select._offset) return text def visit_table(self, table, asfrom=False, ashint=False, fromhints=None, **kwargs): if asfrom or ashint: if getattr(table, "schema", None): ret = self.preparer.quote_schema(table.schema, table.quote_schema) + \ "." + self.preparer.quote(table.name, table.quote) else: ret = self.preparer.quote(table.name, table.quote) if fromhints and table in fromhints: hinttext = self.get_from_hint_text(table, fromhints[table]) if hinttext: ret += " " + hinttext return ret else: return "" def visit_join(self, join, asfrom=False, **kwargs): return (self.process(join.left, asfrom=True, **kwargs) + \ (join.isouter and " LEFT OUTER JOIN " or " JOIN ") + \ self.process(join.right, asfrom=True, **kwargs) + " ON " + \ self.process(join.onclause, **kwargs)) def visit_sequence(self, seq): return None def visit_insert(self, insert_stmt): self.isinsert = True colparams = self._get_colparams(insert_stmt) if not colparams and \ not self.dialect.supports_default_values and \ not self.dialect.supports_empty_insert: raise exc.CompileError("The version of %s you are using does " "not support empty inserts." % self.dialect.name) preparer = self.preparer supports_default_values = self.dialect.supports_default_values text = "INSERT" prefixes = [self.process(x) for x in insert_stmt._prefixes] if prefixes: text += " " + " ".join(prefixes) text += " INTO " + preparer.format_table(insert_stmt.table) if colparams or not supports_default_values: text += " (%s)" % ', '.join([preparer.format_column(c[0]) for c in colparams]) if self.returning or insert_stmt._returning: self.returning = self.returning or insert_stmt._returning returning_clause = self.returning_clause(insert_stmt, self.returning) if self.returning_precedes_values: text += " " + returning_clause if not colparams and supports_default_values: text += " DEFAULT VALUES" else: text += " VALUES (%s)" % \ ', '.join([c[1] for c in colparams]) if self.returning and not self.returning_precedes_values: text += " " + returning_clause return text def visit_update(self, update_stmt): self.stack.append({'from': set([update_stmt.table])}) self.isupdate = True colparams = self._get_colparams(update_stmt) text = "UPDATE " + self.preparer.format_table(update_stmt.table) text += ' SET ' + \ ', '.join( self.preparer.quote(c[0].name, c[0].quote) + '=' + c[1] for c in colparams ) if update_stmt._returning: self.returning = update_stmt._returning if self.returning_precedes_values: text += " " + self.returning_clause(update_stmt, update_stmt._returning) if update_stmt._whereclause is not None: text += " WHERE " + self.process(update_stmt._whereclause) if self.returning and not self.returning_precedes_values: text += " " + self.returning_clause(update_stmt, update_stmt._returning) self.stack.pop(-1) return text def _create_crud_bind_param(self, col, value, required=False): bindparam = sql.bindparam(col.key, value, type_=col.type, required=required) bindparam._is_crud = True if col.key in self.binds: raise exc.CompileError( "Bind parameter name '%s' is reserved " "for the VALUES or SET clause of this insert/update statement." % col.key ) self.binds[col.key] = bindparam return self.bindparam_string(self._truncate_bindparam(bindparam)) def _get_colparams(self, stmt): """create a set of tuples representing column/string pairs for use in an INSERT or UPDATE statement. Also generates the Compiled object's postfetch, prefetch, and returning column collections, used for default handling and ultimately populating the ResultProxy's prefetch_cols() and postfetch_cols() collections. """ self.postfetch = [] self.prefetch = [] self.returning = [] # no parameters in the statement, no parameters in the # compiled params - return binds for all columns if self.column_keys is None and stmt.parameters is None: return [ (c, self._create_crud_bind_param(c, None, required=True)) for c in stmt.table.columns ] required = object() # if we have statement parameters - set defaults in the # compiled params if self.column_keys is None: parameters = {} else: parameters = dict((sql._column_as_key(key), required) for key in self.column_keys if not stmt.parameters or key not in stmt.parameters) if stmt.parameters is not None: for k, v in stmt.parameters.iteritems(): parameters.setdefault(sql._column_as_key(k), v) # create a list of column assignment clauses as tuples values = [] need_pks = self.isinsert and \ not self.inline and \ not stmt._returning implicit_returning = need_pks and \ self.dialect.implicit_returning and \ stmt.table.implicit_returning postfetch_lastrowid = need_pks and self.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid # iterating through columns at the top to maintain ordering. # otherwise we might iterate through individual sets of # "defaults", "primary key cols", etc. for c in stmt.table.columns: if c.key in parameters: value = parameters[c.key] if sql._is_literal(value): value = self._create_crud_bind_param(c, value, required=value is required) else: self.postfetch.append(c) value = self.process(value.self_group()) values.append((c, value)) elif self.isinsert: if c.primary_key and \ need_pks and \ ( implicit_returning or not postfetch_lastrowid or c is not stmt.table._autoincrement_column ): if implicit_returning: if c.default is not None: if c.default.is_sequence: proc = self.process(c.default) if proc is not None: values.append((c, proc)) self.returning.append(c) elif c.default.is_clause_element: values.append((c, self.process(c.default.arg.self_group()))) self.returning.append(c) else: values.append((c, self._create_crud_bind_param(c, None))) self.prefetch.append(c) else: self.returning.append(c) else: if ( c.default is not None and \ ( self.dialect.supports_sequences or not c.default.is_sequence ) ) or self.dialect.preexecute_autoincrement_sequences: values.append((c, self._create_crud_bind_param(c, None))) self.prefetch.append(c) elif c.default is not None: if c.default.is_sequence: proc = self.process(c.default) if proc is not None: values.append((c, proc)) if not c.primary_key: self.postfetch.append(c) elif c.default.is_clause_element: values.append((c, self.process(c.default.arg.self_group()))) if not c.primary_key: # dont add primary key column to postfetch self.postfetch.append(c) else: values.append((c, self._create_crud_bind_param(c, None))) self.prefetch.append(c) elif c.server_default is not None: if not c.primary_key: self.postfetch.append(c) elif self.isupdate: if c.onupdate is not None and not c.onupdate.is_sequence: if c.onupdate.is_clause_element: values.append((c, self.process(c.onupdate.arg.self_group()))) self.postfetch.append(c) else: values.append((c, self._create_crud_bind_param(c, None))) self.prefetch.append(c) elif c.server_onupdate is not None: self.postfetch.append(c) return values def visit_delete(self, delete_stmt): self.stack.append({'from': set([delete_stmt.table])}) self.isdelete = True text = "DELETE FROM " + self.preparer.format_table(delete_stmt.table) if delete_stmt._returning: self.returning = delete_stmt._returning if self.returning_precedes_values: text += " " + self.returning_clause(delete_stmt, delete_stmt._returning) if delete_stmt._whereclause is not None: text += " WHERE " + self.process(delete_stmt._whereclause) if self.returning and not self.returning_precedes_values: text += " " + self.returning_clause(delete_stmt, delete_stmt._returning) self.stack.pop(-1) return text def visit_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt): return "SAVEPOINT %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt) def visit_rollback_to_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt): return "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt) def visit_release_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt): return "RELEASE SAVEPOINT %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt) class DDLCompiler(engine.Compiled): @util.memoized_property def sql_compiler(self): return self.dialect.statement_compiler(self.dialect, self.statement) @property def preparer(self): return self.dialect.identifier_preparer def construct_params(self, params=None): return None def visit_ddl(self, ddl, **kwargs): # table events can substitute table and schema name context = ddl.context if isinstance(ddl.target, schema.Table): context = context.copy() preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer path = preparer.format_table_seq(ddl.target) if len(path) == 1: table, sch = path[0], '' else: table, sch = path[-1], path[0] context.setdefault('table', table) context.setdefault('schema', sch) context.setdefault('fullname', preparer.format_table(ddl.target)) return ddl.statement % context def visit_create_table(self, create): table = create.element preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer text = "\n" + " ".join(['CREATE'] + \ table._prefixes + \ ['TABLE', preparer.format_table(table), "("]) separator = "\n" # if only one primary key, specify it along with the column first_pk = False for column in table.columns: text += separator separator = ", \n" text += "\t" + self.get_column_specification( column, first_pk=column.primary_key and not first_pk ) if column.primary_key: first_pk = True const = " ".join(self.process(constraint) for constraint in column.constraints) if const: text += " " + const const = self.create_table_constraints(table) if const: text += ", \n\t" + const text += "\n)%s\n\n" % self.post_create_table(table) return text def create_table_constraints(self, table): # On some DB order is significant: visit PK first, then the # other constraints (engine.ReflectionTest.testbasic failed on FB2) constraints = [] if table.primary_key: constraints.append(table.primary_key) constraints.extend([c for c in table.constraints if c is not table.primary_key]) return ", \n\t".join(p for p in (self.process(constraint) for constraint in constraints if ( constraint._create_rule is None or constraint._create_rule(self)) and ( not self.dialect.supports_alter or not getattr(constraint, 'use_alter', False) )) if p is not None ) def visit_drop_table(self, drop): return "\nDROP TABLE " + self.preparer.format_table(drop.element) def visit_create_index(self, create): index = create.element preparer = self.preparer text = "CREATE " if index.unique: text += "UNIQUE " text += "INDEX %s ON %s (%s)" \ % (preparer.quote(self._validate_identifier(index.name, True), index.quote), preparer.format_table(index.table), ', '.join(preparer.quote(c.name, c.quote) for c in index.columns)) return text def visit_drop_index(self, drop): index = drop.element return "\nDROP INDEX " + \ self.preparer.quote(self._validate_identifier(index.name, False), index.quote) def visit_add_constraint(self, create): preparer = self.preparer return "ALTER TABLE %s ADD %s" % ( self.preparer.format_table(create.element.table), self.process(create.element) ) def visit_create_sequence(self, create): text = "CREATE SEQUENCE %s" % self.preparer.format_sequence(create.element) if create.element.increment is not None: text += " INCREMENT BY %d" % create.element.increment if create.element.start is not None: text += " START WITH %d" % create.element.start return text def visit_drop_sequence(self, drop): return "DROP SEQUENCE %s" % self.preparer.format_sequence(drop.element) def visit_drop_constraint(self, drop): preparer = self.preparer return "ALTER TABLE %s DROP CONSTRAINT %s%s" % ( self.preparer.format_table(drop.element.table), self.preparer.format_constraint(drop.element), drop.cascade and " CASCADE" or "" ) def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs): colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column) + " " + \ self.dialect.type_compiler.process(column.type) default = self.get_column_default_string(column) if default is not None: colspec += " DEFAULT " + default if not column.nullable: colspec += " NOT NULL" return colspec def post_create_table(self, table): return '' def _validate_identifier(self, ident, truncate): if truncate: if len(ident) > self.dialect.max_identifier_length: counter = getattr(self, 'counter', 0) self.counter = counter + 1 return ident[0:self.dialect.max_identifier_length - 6] + "_" + hex(self.counter)[2:] else: return ident else: self.dialect.validate_identifier(ident) return ident def get_column_default_string(self, column): if isinstance(column.server_default, schema.DefaultClause): if isinstance(column.server_default.arg, basestring): return "'%s'" % column.server_default.arg else: return self.sql_compiler.process(column.server_default.arg) else: return None def visit_check_constraint(self, constraint): text = "" if constraint.name is not None: text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % \ self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint) sqltext = sql_util.expression_as_ddl(constraint.sqltext) text += "CHECK (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(sqltext) text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint) return text def visit_column_check_constraint(self, constraint): text = " CHECK (%s)" % constraint.sqltext text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint) return text def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint): if len(constraint) == 0: return '' text = "" if constraint.name is not None: text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint) text += "PRIMARY KEY " text += "(%s)" % ', '.join(self.preparer.quote(c.name, c.quote) for c in constraint) text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint) return text def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint): preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer text = "" if constraint.name is not None: text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % \ preparer.format_constraint(constraint) remote_table = list(constraint._elements.values())[0].column.table text += "FOREIGN KEY(%s) REFERENCES %s (%s)" % ( ', '.join(preparer.quote(f.parent.name, f.parent.quote) for f in constraint._elements.values()), preparer.format_table(remote_table), ', '.join(preparer.quote(f.column.name, f.column.quote) for f in constraint._elements.values()) ) text += self.define_constraint_cascades(constraint) text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint) return text def visit_unique_constraint(self, constraint): text = "" if constraint.name is not None: text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint) text += " UNIQUE (%s)" % (', '.join(self.preparer.quote(c.name, c.quote) for c in constraint)) text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint) return text def define_constraint_cascades(self, constraint): text = "" if constraint.ondelete is not None: text += " ON DELETE %s" % constraint.ondelete if constraint.onupdate is not None: text += " ON UPDATE %s" % constraint.onupdate return text def define_constraint_deferrability(self, constraint): text = "" if constraint.deferrable is not None: if constraint.deferrable: text += " DEFERRABLE" else: text += " NOT DEFERRABLE" if constraint.initially is not None: text += " INITIALLY %s" % constraint.initially return text class GenericTypeCompiler(engine.TypeCompiler): def visit_CHAR(self, type_): return "CHAR" + (type_.length and "(%d)" % type_.length or "") def visit_NCHAR(self, type_): return "NCHAR" + (type_.length and "(%d)" % type_.length or "") def visit_FLOAT(self, type_): return "FLOAT" def visit_NUMERIC(self, type_): if type_.precision is None: return "NUMERIC" elif type_.scale is None: return "NUMERIC(%(precision)s)" % {'precision': type_.precision} else: return "NUMERIC(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" % {'precision': type_.precision, 'scale' : type_.scale} def visit_DECIMAL(self, type_): return "DECIMAL" def visit_INTEGER(self, type_): return "INTEGER" def visit_SMALLINT(self, type_): return "SMALLINT" def visit_BIGINT(self, type_): return "BIGINT" def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_): return 'TIMESTAMP' def visit_DATETIME(self, type_): return "DATETIME" def visit_DATE(self, type_): return "DATE" def visit_TIME(self, type_): return "TIME" def visit_CLOB(self, type_): return "CLOB" def visit_NCLOB(self, type_): return "NCLOB" def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_): return "VARCHAR" + (type_.length and "(%d)" % type_.length or "") def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type_): return "NVARCHAR" + (type_.length and "(%d)" % type_.length or "") def visit_BLOB(self, type_): return "BLOB" def visit_BINARY(self, type_): return "BINARY" + (type_.length and "(%d)" % type_.length or "") def visit_VARBINARY(self, type_): return "VARBINARY" + (type_.length and "(%d)" % type_.length or "") def visit_BOOLEAN(self, type_): return "BOOLEAN" def visit_TEXT(self, type_): return "TEXT" def visit_large_binary(self, type_): return self.visit_BLOB(type_) def visit_boolean(self, type_): return self.visit_BOOLEAN(type_) def visit_time(self, type_): return self.visit_TIME(type_) def visit_datetime(self, type_): return self.visit_DATETIME(type_) def visit_date(self, type_): return self.visit_DATE(type_) def visit_big_integer(self, type_): return self.visit_BIGINT(type_) def visit_small_integer(self, type_): return self.visit_SMALLINT(type_) def visit_integer(self, type_): return self.visit_INTEGER(type_) def visit_float(self, type_): return self.visit_FLOAT(type_) def visit_numeric(self, type_): return self.visit_NUMERIC(type_) def visit_string(self, type_): return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_) def visit_unicode(self, type_): return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_) def visit_text(self, type_): return self.visit_TEXT(type_) def visit_unicode_text(self, type_): return self.visit_TEXT(type_) def visit_enum(self, type_): return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_) def visit_null(self, type_): raise NotImplementedError("Can't generate DDL for the null type") def visit_type_decorator(self, type_): return self.process(type_.type_engine(self.dialect)) def visit_user_defined(self, type_): return type_.get_col_spec() class IdentifierPreparer(object): """Handle quoting and case-folding of identifiers based on options.""" reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS legal_characters = LEGAL_CHARACTERS illegal_initial_characters = ILLEGAL_INITIAL_CHARACTERS def __init__(self, dialect, initial_quote='"', final_quote=None, escape_quote='"', omit_schema=False): """Construct a new ``IdentifierPreparer`` object. initial_quote Character that begins a delimited identifier. final_quote Character that ends a delimited identifier. Defaults to `initial_quote`. omit_schema Prevent prepending schema name. Useful for databases that do not support schemae. """ self.dialect = dialect self.initial_quote = initial_quote self.final_quote = final_quote or self.initial_quote self.escape_quote = escape_quote self.escape_to_quote = self.escape_quote * 2 self.omit_schema = omit_schema self._strings = {} def _escape_identifier(self, value): """Escape an identifier. Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent escaping behavior. """ return value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote) def _unescape_identifier(self, value): """Canonicalize an escaped identifier. Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent unescaping behavior that reverses _escape_identifier. """ return value.replace(self.escape_to_quote, self.escape_quote) def quote_identifier(self, value): """Quote an identifier. Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent quoting behavior. """ return self.initial_quote + self._escape_identifier(value) + self.final_quote def _requires_quotes(self, value): """Return True if the given identifier requires quoting.""" lc_value = value.lower() return (lc_value in self.reserved_words or value[0] in self.illegal_initial_characters or not self.legal_characters.match(unicode(value)) or (lc_value != value)) def quote_schema(self, schema, force): """Quote a schema. Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent quoting behavior. """ return self.quote(schema, force) def quote(self, ident, force): if force is None: if ident in self._strings: return self._strings[ident] else: if self._requires_quotes(ident): self._strings[ident] = self.quote_identifier(ident) else: self._strings[ident] = ident return self._strings[ident] elif force: return self.quote_identifier(ident) else: return ident def format_sequence(self, sequence, use_schema=True): name = self.quote(sequence.name, sequence.quote) if not self.omit_schema and use_schema and sequence.schema is not None: name = self.quote_schema(sequence.schema, sequence.quote) + "." + name return name def format_label(self, label, name=None): return self.quote(name or label.name, label.quote) def format_alias(self, alias, name=None): return self.quote(name or alias.name, alias.quote) def format_savepoint(self, savepoint, name=None): return self.quote(name or savepoint.ident, savepoint.quote) def format_constraint(self, constraint): return self.quote(constraint.name, constraint.quote) def format_table(self, table, use_schema=True, name=None): """Prepare a quoted table and schema name.""" if name is None: name = table.name result = self.quote(name, table.quote) if not self.omit_schema and use_schema and getattr(table, "schema", None): result = self.quote_schema(table.schema, table.quote_schema) + "." + result return result def format_column(self, column, use_table=False, name=None, table_name=None): """Prepare a quoted column name.""" if name is None: name = column.name if not getattr(column, 'is_literal', False): if use_table: return self.format_table(column.table, use_schema=False, name=table_name) + "." + self.quote(name, column.quote) else: return self.quote(name, column.quote) else: # literal textual elements get stuck into ColumnClause alot, which shouldnt get quoted if use_table: return self.format_table(column.table, use_schema=False, name=table_name) + "." + name else: return name def format_table_seq(self, table, use_schema=True): """Format table name and schema as a tuple.""" # Dialects with more levels in their fully qualified references # ('database', 'owner', etc.) could override this and return # a longer sequence. if not self.omit_schema and use_schema and getattr(table, 'schema', None): return (self.quote_schema(table.schema, table.quote_schema), self.format_table(table, use_schema=False)) else: return (self.format_table(table, use_schema=False), ) @util.memoized_property def _r_identifiers(self): initial, final, escaped_final = \ [re.escape(s) for s in (self.initial_quote, self.final_quote, self._escape_identifier(self.final_quote))] r = re.compile( r'(?:' r'(?:%(initial)s((?:%(escaped)s|[^%(final)s])+)%(final)s' r'|([^\.]+))(?=\.|$))+' % { 'initial': initial, 'final': final, 'escaped': escaped_final }) return r def unformat_identifiers(self, identifiers): """Unpack 'schema.table.column'-like strings into components.""" r = self._r_identifiers return [self._unescape_identifier(i) for i in [a or b for a, b in r.findall(identifiers)]]